1* 



BTHNOLOOV OP TEH INDO-PACIFIG I0LANDI. 



Tbe labial unit is found in tha N. and E. Asian systemSj but it 

 IB much less common as & (lefii)ltiva and unit tlian tlie sibilant, 

 (varying to dental, guttural kc). From its more general occur- 

 rence in aomo higher nunibera than in 1, it is probable that it wm 

 of greater importance in an archaic stage of the Scytbic syHtems. 

 It ia sliU found aa 1 in Japanese, Turkish, Tungusian and Bome 

 Ugrian languages. As 2 it ia found in remote Eastern tanguu^e§, 

 Namolb, Koriau and Japanese^ and as an element in some 

 Ugi'iau terms. As 3 it ia Japanese. It does not occur as 4. lu 

 5 it is Kamachalkan, Konak, Ugrian and Turkish. In 6 it ia 

 found in Japanese and Sumoiede, and aa an tdtsinent in Namollo 

 (2) and Ugrian (l)^ in 8, Namcdio, Chinese and Ugrran ; in 9, 

 is^amollo and Ui^rian; in 10, Kamschatkan^ Aino, Tungusian, 

 Samoiede, Ugrian and an element in Namollo; in 100, Chinese; 

 in 1,000, Turkish and Mongoli:in. As a detinilive the labial is 

 very archaic in the N. and E, Asian languages. As a concretetl 

 postfix it is found in Scythic vocabularies. In Yeniselan it \s 

 still current as the 3i-d pronoun, bu, ba-ri, Turkish al-^o preservea 

 it in bu, and Samoiede in pu-da, py-da kc. [See the remarks on 

 the Draviro-Australian 3rd pronoun, ante p. ] In the Scythic 

 languages the sibilant (or guttuml) witli the liquid postfix pre- 

 dominates as the 3rd pronoun,— son, ein, kini, thn, sya &c. The 

 history of the labial unit and definitive in the Semitico-Africaii 

 systems is of a similar tenor. In the Semitic branch it is only used 

 as an ordinal, the cardinal being the coraraou Scythic and Indo- 

 European guttumi, aspirate &c. In Africa several langnagcs retain 

 it as the cardinal, and it re-appeara in higher numbers. Tlie 

 common form wal, war, bar, bari, mal, &c. is ibe same as the 

 Draviro- Australian. The Turkish btr, a variation of the 8cythic 

 bis &c. of hi*;ber numbers, is a similar form. The promiueiice 

 of the labialy and the absence of the sibilant, unit ia one of the chief 

 peculiaritiea of the Draviro-Australian system when compared 

 with the N. and N. E. Asian, the Caucajsian, the Indo-European 

 and the Semi tico- African, In this respect it appears to preaerve 

 a more antique character than those in which the labial hvis given 

 place to the sibilant &c. 



Tbe Draviro-Asonesian nasal 1 is Indo-European, Mongolian, 

 Samoiede and Koriak. It is referable in tliese formations, as In 

 the Draviro- Australian, to a pronominal root. Semitico- African 



