BTHNULOuT OP TtlH IMDO-PACIFIC ISLANDS. lUl 



Scythic and Bhotkn rang©, — ma, pa, pi, bi, &e ; ta, da, di, d &c ; 

 si, hi, cbi, cho &c ; al, U, o\, &q ; ki^ ke, ku, gi, yi, &c i u> 6. 

 These definifcivea are more commoa as prefixes tliau aa postfixes, 

 aud when the habit of the formations which aaooeed Scythic on 

 the N. E.* and S. W. and have f nndaraaat-al affinities with it, ia 

 cottsidered, no doubt can remain that the distiQctively poatfiinal 

 idiom of Scythtc wjis exceptional in tta origin, and was preceded 

 by a condition of tbe mother-language in which the definitives were 

 current m aeparato parbiolej, and capable of being prepoaed a* 

 well as postposed according to dialectic taale and ftishion. To 

 this proto-Hcybhic stage of the Mid-Aaian formations Bhotiau, like 

 Yeniseiaii, parbialiy adheres. In this respect their form is older 

 than the proper Scythio and more akin to the btisia-form of the 

 Cauoaaiaa, Semitico- African and other formations that separated 

 from the oommon stock before the dialect in which Scythic origi- 

 nated had aoqtjired its peculiar postpositional atructure. In the 

 nae of pre&idd d^ftnitires as in many other traits theTibeto-Ultra- 

 iadian and N". E. Asian families have departed less than the 

 Scytbic from the archaic type preserved by Chinese. In Chinese 

 the true definitives precede the worils they detinet- The full 

 range is altjo preserved in Chinese, although the defiaitives are 

 now rarely uiei save omphafcicaliy or ast demoustrativea. It has ki, 

 k©, cbi, uhe, ti, i, ku, tsze, hi^ ho &c ; na ; and pe, wa. Chiueje 

 also uses doable demouBtrativoa, or rather the demonstratives fol- 

 lowed by tho generic definitive or segregative ko, ku^— na ko, cho 

 ko, ti ka^ i ku, ku ku. In the first stage of an adhesive phonology 

 these would become nako, cheko,tikn, ikn, kuku, They are thus 

 the prototypes of the double definitives, prefixes and postfixes 

 found in most of the Iiarmonlc formations. 



It is obvious that the fiill forma of tho definitives, as in Chinese, 

 must have preceded that in which they lose the vowel and 

 coalesce with the root into one monosyllable. The Bliotian initial 

 consonants were originally separate prepoaed definitives and they 

 are preserved in the full form as prefixes in other directs of the 



* The Alno-Kurilian group has preftxes ai well as post fixe*— ma, pu, p, T; t, ij ; 

 no, tA, fttttt, sh, fli, I ; 110, on, ka, gStc, Yukaliiri haa also prefixes, but lis 

 gt;neral hubit iA iioirtflxual like Scythio, 



t Tlie Gyarun^ prefts ki* h the Chinese dcfinftive ki, ke, chl, che, Hence we 

 find coincidences meii as kiim CJgyar,, chl tua Uyami, effg. Kwan-hwa has the 

 Q yatung vowel tm* 



