192 ETHNOLOGY OF THE IlfDO-PACIFIC TSLA-ITDS. 



Tibeto-lTltramdian family. In tlie N. E, Asian, CaucaaiaD, Semi- 

 tico-African and Aaonesian provinces both forms of the preEitea 

 are also found. 



In TIbsfcaii the labial defioitivea are sfcill ciirreat ia tlieir prima- 

 ry character of substantive words " father \ " ntolher^'. Aa a 

 definitive postfix ^pa, -po haa aeciuired a generic masculine appli- 

 cation^ and -ma, -mo a feminine, and they are even extended to 

 neuter names. In Scythic both the primary and the sexual 

 significations have been lost. In Draviro- Australian, Indo-Euro- 

 pean and Setnitico-Libyan agglutinated definitives are found retain- 

 ing: a sexual force but with tiio prininry sabatantial meaning loat. 

 Tibetan here also stands between Chinese and the more aggluti- 

 nated and conerofced formations. In Chinese there are severfti 

 elaascs of postposed sosual particles, as in Tibeto-Ultraindian and 

 Dravirian. Thus for human beings Kwan-hwa has nan nuisc, neu 

 fmn. ; for the lower anirnala generally kung m., mu/ ; fof birda 

 heung m., taae / As in Bhofcian, ludo-Enropean and Semitioo- 

 Libyan the idea of gender has been transferred to inanimate things, 

 for which ke^n ot., kwaa/ aud yin ot., yang f. are usad. In some 

 of the Scyfchfc languages there are traces of a similar attribution 

 of a diafcinction of aex, energy &e to inaaimite objects, 



A rairkel departure not only from the Seythico-Dmvirian but 

 from the Chineao collocation occurs in the position of the quaii- 

 tive, which follows the aubstantive. This idiom connects T ibeto- 

 tJlfcraindian with the adjacent Mon-Anam. It is clearly abnormal, 

 because the primary rektion of poaaession and attribution, of 

 which t!io qualitivo ia bub a variety, ia denoted in the Tibeto- Ultra- 

 indtau languages, aa in Chiueao and Scythic, by preposiag the pos- 

 aeaaive, Conaisteutly also witb the normit struetuf© the adverb 

 precedes the riualitive or verb, aud the aubject the predicate. 



The Bhotian glossary ia highly Scythic but in its baaia it ia 

 independent to a considerable extent and with strong CSuneae affi- 

 nitiea. The Scythic glossarial basis, in pronouns and many parti- 

 cles and forinativoa, is bo uuilbrm that it may be referred to one 

 mother-dialeet. The Bhotian basis is not a modification of thia 

 dialect like that of all the Scythic languages. It ia a distinct 

 Chino-Scythie sub-formation, aud Chinese more than Scythic. 



