104 CTHKOLoar op the iifDo-PAciPic laLANc^. 



The most important conclusion to be drawn from these vocabu- 

 laries is that three at least of the Tibeto-Ultraindian ot)eg, the 

 Manyak, Gyarung and Takpa, are allied to the Iravvadi or 

 UJtraindian branch of the family more than to the Bhotian. The 

 general structure and phonetic form of the vocables resemble those 

 of the Ultraintliaii vocabularies that have been least modified and 

 emasculated by the influence of vocalic Chinese, and especially 

 those of the Naga-Mauipuri group. Manyak and Gyarung how- 

 ever have also Burman forma. 



Gyarung, Horpa and Thocbu have a considerable portion of 

 final consonants, Man^'ak is vocah'c in ibis respect, hi its sJender 

 vowels and in the forma of several of its words resembling the 

 emasculated Burman sub-fonnation . 



Slender vowels f*, e) are more common in all the dialects than 

 in Bhotian, Tliey abound in Manyak and Gyarung, espeeiaSly 

 in the latter, which in more slender, but less ellii>tic lhan tbe form- 

 er, Thochu and Horpa, especially the latter, have more frequent- 

 ly broad vowels as in Bhotian. But it is to be remarked that a 

 special connection exists between JTorpa and Thochu and between 

 both and Manyak. The glossarial affinity between Thochu and 

 Manyak in particular is often very decided. The common varie- 

 ties have often a as llie vowel where the other Tibetan or Chino- 

 Tibetan varieties of the same root have o, u, if kc, 



I give a few examples of tbe great attenuation some of the Tibe- 

 to-Ultraindian vocables undergo in Manyak *' I," a (nga Gyarung) ; 

 "arrow'' m-a (w-la Takpa) j "bird" ha, (bhya Lhop.); "boat" 

 (ff-ni Takpa, Bhot,) ; " village" hu (khyu Gyar.) j " ripe" 

 de-mi (min Thochu, fm-s-mm Gyar.) j " black" da-m (Aa-nak 

 Gyar,, nya-nya Horp.). The vowel generally retains an archaic 

 broad form. 



The broad phonology appears to have predominated in 

 archaic eras. Some of the remote Scythic and N. E. Asian 

 languages still affect broad vowels. The Scythic languages vary 

 amongst themselves in tkis respect, but in many there is now a 

 disposition to slender vowels. The Turkish dialects frequently 

 affect them. In the modem Chinese they are common, and tho 

 strong development of this tendency and of general emasculation 

 in the Tibcto-Ultraiudiaa languages, and especially in ih© eastern 



