196 



Ultratndm, the oommon prefiiced definitive beiog ta-, varied to to-, 

 ti', iir'f tar-f [as in some TJttraindian and Himalayan vocables], 

 da-f na-, and also passing into ha-j as in many Ultraindian vocabii- 

 lai'ies. Quatitipea lake ha-f correspond inf; with the Bodo tja- 



Manyak haa fewer prefixes than Gyarung and they are more 

 mixed. The labial wliich m rare in Gyarnng occnr!» freqirontly 

 under the forma ma-t ni-, ha-f m&r-^ n'o-t and posllixuaUy in the 

 forine -hi^ -mi (the Boilo pre^K b in be). De-, da- ia common with 

 qualitive.«»| corresponding with the Chinese possessive ff, di, 



Thochn words have much more frequently a Bhotian form. 

 The prefixes which are comparatively infreqwent occur both in the 

 Gyarung and Ultrn Indian voc^ilised form and in the Bhotiaii 

 consonantal one^ nio-; ki-, r/m-, m-, da- ; cha-, ki-, r-, s-^ ff-^ h-. 

 Some words have also the Bholian postfixed iahial definitive 

 (-wio, 'jia, 'jvo, &c.) The nomerals take -W, -re, the Scythico- 

 Tibetan poss. 



Horpa has also prefixes and they are generally in the conso- 

 nantal Bhottan form s-f r-, v-. Qualitives have frequently ka- 

 ScCf aiid assertive* fa-, fan-, tam-, ia-r^ kha-, gn-, fftt-r-, na~j na-ka-, 

 na-p'f ya-i rha-, rliang-t m-, m-^, wa-j wa-n-, &c as in Gyarung, 

 Thochu and Bhottan. 



The use of prefixes in langnagPB so far north as Gynrung, 

 Thochu and Horpa renders it probably that ibis habit also cliarac- 

 lerised the eastern and southern branch of Tibeto-UUraindian in its 

 primary form, thus confirming the opinion ex pressed in elm p. iv, 

 (Journ. Xnd. Arch, vii, 126) that the system of prefixed and pre- 

 posed definitives was the original one of the whole Chino-Tihetan 

 linguistic [irovince, as of a much wider area, and probably also 

 the earliest in the world. 



In harmonic power ihe Gvarting appears to be somewhat in 

 advance of Bhotian, but this may arise from the curt and conso- 

 nantal phonology of the latter having obscured the vowel changes. 

 In agglutination they are probably nearly alike. In Gyarung 

 the vowel of the definitive appears to be affected by that of the 

 principal word as much as iu the closely connected Dbimal and 

 Bodo (see chap. iv. sec, 3). Hence the superiority in this respect 

 of these Gungetic dialects over most of the Ultraindian can no 



