STaKOLoar oi- tub i>-i>0'PACif [c islakds. 



197 



loii|>ei* be exclusively aaciibed to tba iufluenco of the Braviriaii 

 [vlioiiology. In Gyarung it must be coudidei'ed as an acquired 

 Scytliic trait and in Bodo and Dliimal it must be Scythic through 

 Tibetau so ikr a§ it is Tibetan. Mr Hodgson gives we-]>e " Uia 

 father," wo-mo " bis luothei" &c. In bke manner the vowel of 

 the root la modified by that of a (lostfix. 



Mr Hodgson givea a few examplea of the formative system of 

 Gyarung. The forraativcs are |)refixual as well as postfixual and 

 tbey are to some extent combinable, as in Bhotian on the one Bide 

 nnd Burman on the other. From these examples it may be gaiher- 

 cd that ibe common definitive prefix Aa, ta, da^ na, or pah, when 

 the sense n'quires il, assertive (present) or generic. In llie sonant 

 Bhotian the definitives [=/f-J, f/- [=t-], which I bare consi- 

 dered as identical with the local) tive na, lUf ra, &c (Jouin. Ind* 

 Arch, vii, 113), hi-, h- &c, are all assertive, with a variable tense 

 power. Iji Gyarung the repetition or addition of ta (A«-,;a-, 

 ia-^ia- &c,) distinguishes the past from the present. In the nega- 

 tive assertive ha-, ta~ &c is replaced by ma-, corresponding with 

 the Bhotian wti- j Chinese m &c. Sa^ postfixed to the common 

 assertive definitive, renders it causative. It is the Bhotian Instru- 

 mental, active, intensive and causattve particle which in that 

 language is postfixed to the root. Bat it is also postfix lhI to the 

 delinittva /a, na &:c to form the ex- transitive. In Gyarung -jt, -it 

 is persona tive and partifiplul. 



The use of double and even triple definitives is common to 

 Gyarung with most languages whrch retain snuh purticUrs. The 

 power of combitriug iheni and of using both prefixes and postfixes 

 with the same root ia Tihetan-Ultraindian, N.E, Asian, American, 

 Caucasian, Euskarian, Semitico-Africnn, Asonesian and archaic 

 Indo-Europeau, that is, St ta common to ail the formative alliances. 



From the proximity of Gyarung lo the Chinese and Cliino- 

 Ullraindian province it will probably prove to be more prefixual 

 or less Bej'thic than Bhotian. But without even excepting the 

 pi'ffixual position of the qnalilive (posseHsive) definitive ka- (in 

 Bhotian -kyi &e, Changlo -ga), the examples hitherto given have 

 parallels in Bhotian. In Chinese itijcii the pusi?. and qualitive 

 puilicle poslpoaed, and aUhough Gyarung generally dispensis 



