198 



J-:TJlNOl-0(jV or THE INDO-I'ACJFIC iBl^AWm. 



With tleulensionul aigns, as Cliin«sc does wlicn lliey can ha avoitlpcf, 

 k ptemrve^ the Cltiiutsii find Bhotiari idiom when U m^s a posses- 

 sive particle, &s hi L:iinu tim boroh, ** the Lama^s horse" That 

 iiliotiuH ftlso used the tjtmlitive and poss. dt'fiiihlvu pn-fixuaiiy is 

 proved by several exainplts amouj^t iJje numerals ai»d qualilives. 

 Tliu:a (}^h\g 1, f/iiyis 2f jTsum 3, correspond wiih the Gyarung 

 hall 1, hanm 2, /rflaxm 3. When the qualilive prefixes of Bho- 

 lian do not agree with the Gyarung ha- ihey are someiiines 

 similar to the Manyak and Dhimu! di- or lo other Tibeto- 

 Uftraindian formjs. The Gyarung verbs like the Cl^ineae ami 

 Bhotian are simply subsfan lives or crudes and ihe particles of 

 tense, mood itc stand ideologically on the same fooling as the 

 dufinilive and directive panicles. In Chinese some of these are 

 ])reposcd and some postposed. In Bholian the definiiive £f- mdu- 

 is used as a generic assertive, vvhile with some words it is future or 

 aorist (past and future). or ha- is generic, past or aorist. 

 M' or ma- is commonly gejieric, but with some words it is aorist 

 exclusively. U- or ha- Is generally present, b<it sometimes preeeni. 

 and future. In Gyarung the prefixual definitives are more falfy 

 preserved and freely used than in the ohl or written Bbotian, Beit 

 their redundant cumnlaiion is not peculiar to the verb, as substan- 

 tives and qualilivea occur with double and triple prefixes (Hodgson, 

 134). In the ordinary poaseasive use of the pronouns they are 

 pre posed, in accordance with the regular idiom of Chinese, Bliot- 

 ian, Scythic and Dravirian, and not postfixcd as in the abnormal 

 or secondary and euphonic pronominal habit of most of the Scy- 

 thic and Dravirian languages. Ex. "S^-pe failter" 

 na-pe, ** r% father"; wa-pe, "Aw father \ The same idiom 

 is followed with assertives. Nanre na-syo, thou ridest* It does 

 not appear that the pronoun is always thus preposed in its 

 separate lorm at* well as prefiKed in its radical form. The asscr- 

 live idiom is obviously llie simple posseasive na-syo, mt/-ridmg. 

 In the fitst peison the assertive or attributive root takes a postfix 

 -aug. Mr Hodgson appears to coueider it as representing the lat 

 pronoun, and generally indicating a reflexive character. To this 

 he attributes its employment in the posa. ease and its so frequently 

 deaij^uatiitg the litsl [»cj-^ou when appended to verbs aitd their 



