*il4 ETns"OLOGr or the ijtbo-pacific isu^e. 



and the Slanyak are evidently coutractions and variations of the- 

 Gvarung. The great pirevalence of the ktter in Fltraindo-Gan- 

 getio vocabularioB showa tliat they vrere spi*ead to tlie southward 

 m the regular Si-fan fonns, befora the exoepfiotial lilaoyak and 

 Bhotian were produced, or at least before thej began to be disse- 

 minated abimd. The Gyarung plural particle appeara'to he also 

 , Cliinese and not Scythic like that of moat of the T^ibeto-TJltrain- 

 dian dialeeta. The 3rd pron. wa is a variety of the Chinese labiai 

 3rd pron., pi Kwan-hwa, still current in Hok-kien as a demonstra- 

 live, wn, that. The Chinese slender cuiTeufc form ia found in 

 Takpa p^, be, Dophla bi, Kaga mi, me. This 3rd pron. is Scythic 

 asj well as Chinese, Seythic bi, wi, pu, bu, &c (Abor bu). It 

 is also I>raviro*Australian. 



The Manyak pronouns, lat a, 2d no, are varieties of the 

 G-yarxmg and the same varieties are found in the Ultraindo-Gange- 

 tic languages (Abor, Naga). The Sd pron. ia not Bhotian but 

 Chijiese and the satuo vai'iety of Chinese is found in Gtmmg, and 

 slight modificationa in Murmi and Kaga. The plural postfii 

 ia archaic Tatar and it oceurs slightly varied in Bodo. The poss. 

 is Scythic (Mongol; Manchu) and Burman, 



The Tftkpa lat pron. ia a nu'e form in its vowel but with Bho- 

 tian and ITitraindo-Gangetic afEnities. The 2d is current Chinese 

 in its vowel like Horpa, The fid is also cuiTent Chinese. Tlie 

 posaesdive particle is current Chinese, and the same farm is foimd 

 in Ulfcraindo-Gangetic dialects. Takpa liaa thus distinct and 

 direct Chinese affinities, and the esistence of current Chinese 

 vocables and particles in a dialect placed like it esplaina their 

 occiurence in Biu-ma-Gaugetic vocabularies in those instances 

 where they cannot be referred to Bhotian nor to the direct modem 

 action of Chiaese on the Ultraindian languages. The non- 

 Bliotiau Chmese affinities of the Si-fan vocabularies are less 

 striking and instructive with reference to the southern dissemi- 

 nation of Chinese forms, because they are actualli' conterminous 

 witli Chinese. It must he inferred that Takpa occupied the 

 eastern portion of the Tsang-po basin, prior to the spread of the 

 Blvotians in that direction, and that it was deeply acted on by 

 Chmese, The forms do not appear to be entirely referable to the 

 priniat7 connection between Chiuese and Tibetan, nor even to the 



