STBliOLOaT or THE IHDa-PACIlIC ISLASDI. 23S 



29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39— two roof b,— 43, 46, 48, 60, 52, 53, 54, 56). 

 HoTpa in about 60 words has 20 of these Scytliico-Bhotian vora- 

 bles and 0 oilier Scyiltic roots (30,54, 35, 43, 46, 50, 53, 57, 59) 

 making about 50 per cent. Tbochu is much more independent of 

 Bhotian and Horpa in the range of its Scythie affinitives than these 

 are of each other. It has only about 9 of the Bhoto-Scythic roots, 

 but it has 16 others, some of which occur in other Si-fau vocabula- 

 ries or in Horpa, although most are peculiar. Gyarung has 6 non- 

 ^Bhotian Scythic vocables (1, 23, 39, 43, 49, 52) and most of them 

 are Turkish. The connection thus indicated must be modern com- 

 pared with that in which the Tibetan affinities with Samoiede, Fio 

 and oth^r remote Scythic languages originated. The special in- 

 flaence of Turkish on the Gyarung is further shown by yie 

 Turkish forms found in those Ultraindian vocabularies that are 

 moat allied to Gyarung. The Turkish words have frequently 

 slender yowels, e. g. il witidf Gyar., Burman &;c li, le air ; tin, 

 nufht, G. io-Hi ; diri, tire, sUn, G, ^i-dri. Manyak has 4 Turkish 

 words, 8 Mongolian and about 9 more remote and noo-Bhotiau 

 Scythic. 



All ihe vocabularies have a few Turkish and Mongolian terms, 

 the close accordance of which with forms current in these groups, 

 indicates that they have been communicated to the Tibetan tribes 

 by their Tartar neighbonrs during the latest era of Scythic history 

 or that in which the Turks and Mongols have marched with the 

 Tibetans and spread themselves into their province. The Turkish 

 words are more numerous than the Mongolian and this is proba- 

 bly to be ascribed to the fact of Turkit^h predominance in the 

 northern borders of Tibet having preceded the Mongolian and 

 endured for a much longer period. The numerous Turkish forms 

 in Ultraindian and Asonesian vocabularies corroborate this infer- 

 ence. There are a few Tnngusian terras but it is doubtful if they 

 are to be diBttnguished from the general mass of Scythic words, 

 which form a large and essential ingredient in all the Tibetan voca- 

 bularies. These Scythic roots are arcliaic and they are in general 

 found in remote N. and N. E. Asian vocabularies. They are chief- 

 ly Ugrian (Yeniseian, Samoicde, Ugrian proper, Fin), but some 

 are also Yukahiri, Aino-Kurilian and Kamschatkan. 



This dms of afiinities may embrace eras u long as all the later 



