ETffNOLOGT THE INDO-PACIFIC I3LASD9. 77' 



Both ba^ phrt, or wo md hn^mn^t huvebem orijriiially npplipd as quali- 

 ti Tea t/> the ^w^/, with or without another aub«tantive root conjoined. It 

 19 probable that, ohuk precpikd them the aulwtanf ive uml tliat chuk, ba^ 

 chuk wo, chuk long:, — or Irn chuk, wo tiiuk, lang" chuk,— were (.urrent like 

 phrt chnk and ma chuk. 



The broad form of the labial root for Afan^ ha, pa, wa, wo, bu isa venr 

 common one in the xooloji^iciil vocabulary, with different ajt plications, und 

 with or without a final mrisonaot, s, 1, k ke. It hafl frpfjuently a mascu- 

 line flpplii^atbii, both when used for the bull and ox, and for the males of 

 other quadrupeds. It is applied to the Bidl in Scythic, bujra, buka, Tadf>- 

 Enropean buka, busrti, huk ; vral, wul, bull : bus, boa, bu, b«, wo (Scytliic 

 mus, mifi, wo-p;ol kv. &r.), and to the in Circassian, w we, he, Vby, 



The Tibetan phaf,% pha, wa &(\ fft/f, is distinct in form from mi and byi, 

 and is evidently a very arrhaic variety of pa, ba ice. The lubial doe^i nut 

 appear to retain a similar form with the samp application in the fj-IosrJaries 

 of the other {rreftt families, but it i;* still cun-ent for the (faff/, .<Arr/;, o.p, 

 <^fVT fov, in Scythie, IndfH European, Semi tr>- African ice. and it in jtrequent- 

 ly applied to t^e mak. It is not r.hinesie in any of these ai*plii;;itinna, and 

 it therefore belonsrs to the Sr:ythic side of tbebasia <rloas:iry,l>ut without be- 

 in*" a derivative from Scythic. It is aw. of the distinctive archaic viHsahlea 

 of Tibetjin, Its relations to the e.KaraiiIe-s of the same root found in other 

 jfamilies will be considered when the Ultraiudiaa forms and appications 

 have been given. 



II. The liquid root is one of the primary or rao.st archaic of the Tihetam 

 and hence enters into many animal names. It apparji in the form lan^, 

 la to have become one of the proper native words fur the Cifiv and to have 

 l)eGn affcerwariln apphed to the Ekjihttnt ; in tlie form ra it has become a 

 hulifitantive name for the Goat ; and in the form rhii for the Cat. A 

 different form of the f^ame root^ or a priramrily di!*tinct liquid rmtj apjteare 

 to Ij€ the native term for the horse re! ( |iri*bahly a softening of rok), rhi, ryi. 



This root ha$' also a ma-'^culirie afiplication, lU primary meaiun;^ is 

 viartf Tfuih'y and it occurs extensively ni the Chino-FIimidaic vocabulariea 

 in mase.uline teranH,— wmw, hitshtiifd,Juther &c., — and as a masculine defi- 

 nitive w^ith the names of nnimaln, in vai ioun forma, nan^, Inn^, leng", la, 

 lu, lo, Inn^, lofr, ru, lin":, ri, ren &c. The Bhotian word for /wfArr, pa- 

 is adds it to the labial root of old Bhotian. In chu-/«', ^<j-chi dti t^jiA 

 cJiauff-rrt Goat it hiw |)robably the same functioiii. It is a widely spread 

 root iW fft««,~Chine.se, Turkish, lIony%»lian, Semitic, African and Draviro- 

 Au.stralian. 



The more immediate aflfinities of the root in it^* application to the Con> 

 are found in the UjiTiHSemitie liand. Fin Cmv lob, loch,leh, or, er, li^ — 

 3tth-mj», loc!i-ww, \e\\-mu; ('aucasian fAr, her-frn, hor-;r, or-j, or-jr, er- 

 dae, hyer-ko, UErrian yzh-la, (comp, ish, yi^h-ku/.h &<-,), oJi-or, (comp. 

 uk-ya'&c), Tunnrusian or-jjol (comp. irol Turk.); lndo-Eim>pnn anr-ochs 

 focha is Scythic)j ur-ws ; Cancasitin ol, al (Lespian); Hemito-Mlotic hwtf 

 (jara, lahi-Wwn Jfahrah, tahe-mi, In-m** Ti^ne, fa-w Amharic, Harrap, 

 Gafat, lu, lo-«'«, ht-lo-a le-wu A-rau, la-ww-wi f iafat, la Danakil, loh 

 Saumali, hKwi Galla, la-w Tumah, ai-m Dalla ; hull mini Danakil, Amha- 

 ric, uhur Arkiko. The Semitic form, a.n in so many other iuj^tanrep, 

 must be directly connected with the Cauciisiian ; and from the Lefgrian iAj 

 ftl, and the Mahiah aud Tigre laiii; lahe^ it is evident that thii S. E. ^oiip 



