3°5 



THE BROCKRAMS OF THE VALE OF EDEN 



AND THE EVIDENCE THEY AFFORD OF AN 

 INTER-PERMIAN MOVEMENT OF THE PENNINE FAULTS. 



PERCY F. KENDALL, F.G.S., 

 Leeds ; President of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. 



The writer has been engaged, during occasional visits to the 

 Vale of Eden, in the study of the well-known Brockram Con- 

 glomerates which form so conspicuous an element in the 

 Poikilitic Series of the district. Tentative results obtained five 

 or six years ago have been fully confirmed by later observations. 

 It is perhaps as well, therefore, to put upon record a preliminary 

 statement of views which have already obtained some currency 

 by annual demonstrations in the field to scientific societies of 

 the North of England. 



The stratigraphical relations of the Brockrams can be well 

 studied in the almost continuous sections which are exposed 

 between Hoff Beck, two miles west of Appleby, and Brackenber 

 Common, three miles east of the town. The beds dip to 

 north-east at about 20°, and the succession exposed is as 

 follows : — 



St. Bees Sandstone (Trias). 



'Shales and Sandstones. 

 A Magnesian Limestone. 



• ~ Upper Brockram, interbedded with and overlain by 

 u Penrith Sandstone. 



Penrith Sandstone. 

 Lower Brockram. 

 Carboniferous Rocks. 

 The Lower Brockram forms a mural escarpment near HofT 

 Beck, and the nature of its constituents can conveniently be 

 studied in great clean faces of quarries, as well as in the 

 natural exposures. In the course of several careful examina- 

 tions of the pebbles it was found that they all, except some 

 twenty or thirty at most, consisted of Carboniferous Limestone 

 or Chert, the former well-rounded and frequently very fdssil- 

 iferous. Saccamina carteri was found in one. The stones 

 ranged in size up to nearly a foot in diameter. 



The few exceptions mentioned above were Haematite, Sard- 

 stone, and ten or twelve small pebbles of Vein-quartz, such as 

 might be found in the Millstone Grit, the Carboniferous Base- 



1902 October 1. 



