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Kendall: The Brockrams of the Vale of Eden. 



ment conglomerate, or, more remotely, as veins in the Skiddaw 

 Slates. Recurrences of the same bed, presenting the same 

 characters as regards the nature and source of the pebbles, are 

 seen on the west bank of the Eden below Appleby, on Gallows 

 Hill, and at Hungriggs Quarry, east of Appleby. At the last 

 two localities the pebbles have been very extensively dolomitised 

 evidently subsequently to deposition, for the pebbles have in 

 many cases been reduced to a mere shell, usually lined with 

 crystals of dolomite. 



The same aspect of the Lower Brockram is presented in 

 the exposures at Stenkreth (Kirkby Stephen) and in several 

 quarries to the northward of Hungriggs. It can be seen from 

 these facts that for a distance of ten or twelve miles along the 

 strike, and for over two miles on the dip, the character of 

 the pebbles in the Lower Brockram undergoes no change. 



The Penrith Sandstone about Appleby attains to a thickness 

 of probably a thousand feet, but no exact estimate is possible 

 owing to the occurrence of a large number of faults of unknown 

 throw. Near its upper boundary numerous incalations of the 

 Upper Brockram conglomerate occur, especially in the section 

 in Hilton Beck. 



The Upper Brockram in this section consists of a rather 

 friable conglomerate in beds of a foot or two in thickness, 

 parted by beds of sandstone from a few inches up to thirty or 

 forty feet thick. The constituent pebbles are partly of Carbon- 

 iferous Limestone, very soft and much dolomitised, but other 

 elements frequently preponderate. These are well-rounded 

 pebbles of Vein-quartz, angular pebbles and blocks of 

 quartzite, fragments of conglomerate containing Vein-quartz 

 in a quartzite matrix, and finally pebbles of Rhyolite. At other 

 exposures to the northward, as at Crackenthorpe, the same 

 characters recur. 



The source of the different pebbles may now be considered. 

 The limestones are, of course, from the lower part of the 

 Carboniferous series — they present no peculiar features ; the 

 pebbles of Vein-quartz are clearly derived from the numerous 

 quartz veins in the Skiddaw Slate of the Cross Fell Inlier, but 

 their thoroughly rounded condition shows that they must have 

 come at an intermediate stage through some pre-Permian Con- 

 glomerate. This conclusion is confirmed by the occurrence of 

 fragments of a conglomerate containing such pebbles, which is 

 recognisable as the very characteristic Basement Carboniferous 

 conglomerate of the Cross Fell Range. The angular blocks of 



Naturalist, 



