22 N. J. Mosquito Extermination Association 



malaria in the coast districts was investigated and quininization and 

 oiling were begun. But, as previously stated, we have no knowledge 

 of what was done in these directions during the war. In the island 

 of Cyprus, anti-malarial work has been carried on steadily since 

 191 2 with a steady reduction in the malaria rate. In Sardinia, some 

 interesting work was done in the neighborhood of two towns ; 

 petroleum was applied twice a month on pools, and a surface alga 

 was sowed over the surface of certain pools. This was successfully 

 done at a very low cost. Previous to the work just mentioned, one 

 Sardinian town had spent four hundred thousand dollars in anti- 

 malaria work. Just before the war Russia had begun to study 

 systematically the malarial mosquitoes of Turkestan and Caucasia, 

 and had begun some exterminative work. It is interesting to note 

 that in 1914 a paper was published on the occurrence of the yellow- 

 fever mosquito on the Black Sea coast ; and this reminds me that in 

 Sebastopol in 1907 I was told that the yellow-fever mosquito had 

 been brought in to that region in bales of cotton from America. 

 Quite recently Wesenburg-Lund has published an elaborate series 

 of papers on the biology of the mosquitoes of Denmark. 



I note that I have omitted in this summary the work of Leger on 

 the mosquito fauna of French Guiana and the admirable work that 

 has been done by Bonne and his wife, Mrs. C. Bonne-Wepster, on 

 the mosquitoes of Surinam. 



I have stated that we know little of what was done by Germany 

 and her allies during the war, but new features came up in other 

 parts of Europe as the result of the presence of the Allied troops, 

 and of course we know about these. 



As early as 1914 Shipley published his book on "Insects and the 

 War" and followed it by another volume entitled "The Minor Hor- 

 rors of the War," and all of the older information on mosquitoes 

 was summarized in these volumes. In 191 5 it was apparently first 

 noticed that the Anopheles mosquitoes of northern France had be- 

 come affected by malaria as the result of the bringing in of troops 

 from malarious regions, like North Africa for example. And ob- 

 servations of this kind became more frequent as the war proceeded. 

 This became so marked that late in 1916 a malaria commission was 

 established in France and the whole country was divided into five 

 great districts with subdivisions, each under the direction of a zoo- 

 logist who had specialized in the study of malaria and mosquitoes. 

 The immediate cause of the establishment of this commission was 

 the return of infected soldiers from the Balkan army. 



