4. j 



EASTERN GEOGRAPHY, 



much to develop the resources of the land. His Chinese subjects, by nature 

 indiueivnt tr> itn tr rawM, provid^l their personal indqicndcuce in secure, 

 hiive hitherto givmr little trouble to the authorities, even vrhere ihvy are 

 In a large majority. This is generally true of other States, with thu 

 exception of dtsturhnnees in certain mining districts, such oa th.« troubles 

 at Lnkut in 1834, imd I A nit in 1S72. 



Johor, whose history extends hack to tlio Portuguese days, took an 

 important part in the 140 yeans' struggle over Malaceu betwoii flw Portu- 

 guese and the, Dutch. At the K^itming of thin century, the euutttil 

 authority having been removed from the mainland to thu Uui&a mid 

 Hiau Brempdtyroi, little, cohesion remained among thedilferent fnudntnricK, 

 and tlm hereditary prinevs of Pah ui^ and liukng U-i-mmi! virtually indt" 

 pendent. At the restoration of this I'Juteh nawaaefcmil it this i«ai:t\ nil tW 

 former dependencies of Johor, including Huhitig nud the Carimons, wpr.- 

 unfortunately ftj?sigiii<d to Midland, tJia Johor rule buing thus he hue forth 

 confined to the maiiihuid and conti^uuus islets, 



Since thcti this principal change* liavu been those rvsuhihff fmtn I he 

 eatablLnhtttent of Si n impure ; from the Treaty of lSiiS with tlie Krili>U 

 Government, by which the Toiru'iigjjjctiigs dsfnefn n dminiMt rat ive rights in 

 ■hdnir Were nckiir»wlfdjri>d ; mid tn.^My, from llu' n-stoT.itinn of ^[i-*nr :<i 

 Johor iti 1877. Blow L§6fl the ruler fall enjoyed Efaifl tillo of Maharaja, not 

 previously known in Malay a. 



5. — THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 



Tlie Colony of the Straits Settlements, whieb comprises Singa- 

 pore, Penaii^ (with Province WelleHley and the landings), mid 

 Malacca, now contains about 1500 spiarc miles, and nearly 500,000 

 inlmhitauls. The settlement 13 were transferred from the control of 

 the Indian Government to that of the Secretary o£ State for the 

 Colonies on the 1st April, 18G7, by an Order in Council issued under 

 23 A 30 Vtot e. 11& 



Tbe earliest settlement was Penang, which was founded in 

 Its foundation is something more than the commencement of the 

 Colony, for it marks the beginning of the enormous trade, and was 

 in some sense the forerunner of alt the eotonising enterprise, in the 

 parts beyond India— Malaya, China, nmd Australasia. It may bo 

 noticed that, within a few month s of the time Captain Light first 

 anchored in Penatig harbour, the earliest expedition to Botany R»y 

 arrived at Port Jackson. When in 1796 Penang; became the Penal 

 Station far India, there waft some superficial resemblance between 

 the two infant settlements and the two enterprises, which have both 

 developed so enormously during the present century. The imme- 

 diate prosperity of Penang, and its superiority to the Company'** 

 trading station at Bencoolen, attracted Chinese traders, and still 

 more Chinese settlers, and pave an early impulse to the expansion 

 of ila commerce* The troubled limes of the great European war, 



