EASTERN GKOtiflAPH V. 



Political Divisions, — The whole region, which recent events 

 bavo praetieally converted into French territory, comprises four 

 distinct political divisions : Tonkin in the- north ; CocitlN-CHTNA 

 in the centre ; Lower Cochin-Chin a and Camikma in the south. 

 The first two, formerly separate State*, have ^\u>\- l«0'j o.n-iieub-d 

 a single kingdom, commonly spoken of as the* ciupim of Annajl 

 This term Annum (properly An-uan) appears to be it niodifiV 1 t'..i in ■ . t 

 AV'»-»«"i that in, "Southern Peace," Ant applied to the frontier 

 river between China and Tonkin, and afterwards extended not only 

 to Tonkin,. 1 mi u> ilu- whuh: iv-/\>iti M.uth uf tlutL rivi-r :i\'i»r it* run- 

 <[i.iu*t mid pacification by China in the third century of the new era. 

 Hence, it* convenient application to the same region since the union 

 of Tonkin and Cochin-China under one dynasty, and since the 

 transfer of 1 hi- administration t" Franc* 1 in I8H:t, \ m i A Hiirvival uf 

 the original Chinese usage, iind fully justified on hisiorie grounds. 



Tonkin (Toiigking, Ttingking), thut i*, "Jfetfeexo Capital, 1 ' a imu 

 originally applied to lla-ma when tliaL ■ ■ s c v wit- tin- royul residence., 

 haa in quite recent times been extended to the whole of the north- 

 ern kingd'an, win"*"- Ira- 1 1 1 - L • ■ r - i » * name in Yiich-nan. Under the 

 native ruler*. Tunkin was diviiled into pruvinee?. und nuh-djvisii.n.-i 

 hearing Chinese, nmnes, and rorrespi aiding In the adininMrutivi.' 

 divisions of the Chinese empire. A native map shows the ruiintry 

 at one time parcelled out into twenty-eight zheng, or provinces, each 

 sheii^' being again grouped into a number of /mien, or districts* But 

 this arrangement was subjeci !•> frequent modifications by the various* 

 Tonkinese sovereigns, and since its conquest by Cochin- China the 

 country has been administered in much the same way as the southern 

 kingdom. From this State Tonkin h separated partly by a spur of 

 the coast range projecting seawards, ]>artly by a wall built in the 

 sixteenth century and running in ihe wiuie direction. After the 

 erection or this artificial barrier, which lies about IS" N. let,, 

 between Hatinh und Dong-koj, the northern and southern kingdoms 

 came to be respectively distinguished by the titles of Ikmy-mjuai 

 and Darfj-tritwj, thut ia, ''Outer" and " Inner Route." 



The tenu Cocmx-CfltVA, by which the hsnm Routk is best 

 known, hais no more to do with China (lain it has with t lie Indian 

 city of Cochin. It appear* to be a modified form of Kum-Chen-Chinff, 

 Mint is, the M Kingdom of Chen-Ching," Ihe name by which this 

 region wan first known in the Oth century of the new era, from its 

 capital (7\&i-Chinij. Another all hough less probable derivation is 

 from the Chinese Cb-CAAi-Chifufr meaning "Old Champa," a return- 



