melted slowly away, find to the busy cities and thronged tempi ea 

 succeeded tho scattered hovels of ft decrepit, people, who have lost 

 the very traditions of a glorious pa=fc !1 (Keane's Ifccf.u», viii. p. 4K4). 

 They have even surrendered tin: very hit*- of the.*- monuments a 

 lacustrine district profusely strewn with the vcBtiges of cities,, tem- 

 ]>les, and fortresses, all facfaded within the Siamese frontier hy (ho 

 treaty of 1*64, dotemiining ihw extremely conventional limits of the 

 conterminous States. 



Historical KotH.— Mention. OB raw ot tbi AJffintacaa people under the 

 name of Giau-shi (Kioo-shi, Chiao-vhih), and of t]i« country under that of 

 YUeh-nan In the QfrfniMfl legendary records an early an 2235 B.C. Subsc- 

 ijiu'iil]y it wiiH known liy various other names, sttch as Lo-yneh-ti, Nan- 

 i hi ii> f f.n liiiiiK, .v.'., luiiil iii 117'- -\.n. .•//r-.'ifrm. (properly Au-nan) became 

 the official name of the whole region Ivy order of the Kmperor Iffciao-tsung 

 of tlio southern Sung dynasty. The tenia* Tonkin and Cochin-China in 

 tlicir modern acceptation are of comparatively <paite recent origin, just as 

 the severance of 1 \w en tt i it ry i t nd f i n 1 1 . i won t i si i 1 1 1 t Si ,i| , * is ; m i ■ t u f m t u1 ively 

 recent historic event. It may be assumed that the Anuamcse domain was 

 •■li.diMilly nullified h> the region ..f tin Song-kni it-lta. where it wn.s 

 encircled on the north ljy C Uinu 1 on the west hy the Mr»i met Muong hill 

 tribes, on the south by the Champa tTsiampa) territory. Its historic 

 growth took place almost entirely in & southerly direction "along the strip 

 of low-lying t oast lands Iwtwceu the coast rangw and the China Sea, where 

 it gradaally encroached upon ami finally absorbed tho whole of the Champa 

 domain. Then the coast-land* Ivanns constituted into a separate State 

 distinct from and independent of the northern kingdom, an artificial 

 111 i to| being constructed lielween them in the sixteenth century, and 

 separatu names, such as Tonkin ami Cochin-China, coming gradually into 

 vm to distinguish the two Annamese kingdoms. 



From the remotest times China claimed, and intcrmiltentlv exercised, 

 suzerain authority over Annam, whose energies have forages been wasted 

 parity in v.im f\U<n* to r. -isi this ehtim, nmtly tit :-*ill nnnv <lij;a>t]mi« 

 warfare between the two rival States. Almost the first tl tstijjctlv historic 

 event whs tho reJuction of Lndiang, as Tonkin was then calhd, hy tho 

 t hiue-i- in '21* n.c, when the country Y, nx divid-.-d iiilo prel'.vhm^, i-.nd a 

 civil and military organisation i-sta.hl.hhed on tho Chinese, model. On this 

 occasion a large number of Chinese emigrants are said to have settled in 

 the country, where they amalgamated or becamo gradually assimilated 

 with the aboriginal tii-m-shi (stock, leaving, however, traces of their inllu- 

 etice ihTivptilde U> the prcwni 'lay in the UlixeJ ehanietvr of the Annatihisc 



eotmtt speech, 



I'^irly in the ninth century <>l" tin- new t-nt the ttnu Kwe-t 'heu-f'hing 

 <t'4jehiu-China) hegan t4i Iw a]iplird la tin- jioulheru, which hail atrendy 

 aaserted its independence of th« northern, kingdom. In 1428 the two 

 StetBI riiM.nl tlnmiKi'lvE's t«!mpf>rarily froui thn Cldnese protectorate, and 



'20(i yearjj luCrr the A iiiiiiiium' i • • 1 : i < <i .ill 1 1 j :l1 ivijiulth-'I <if 1 ho rliampa 

 trrritnrv, <1 riving 1 1 n» natives in the nplnrirls, au<l witling i" thi 1 plains. 

 This i oni[iiiM wus followed iiliout 1750 by thnt nf the southent >*r Taiiril inn- 

 provinees, of Carol wijn since known as Ixvvver (now French) Cfu'lun-f Ihina, 

 In 1775 the King of Cochin- China^ vH-hohad u^urptHl tlie throne in 17T4„ 



