lilt 



KAsTI LIS KUJAE'IIV, 



reduced Totikiii< nnd was acknowledged sovereign of Annum by the Chinese 

 emperor, Hut irt 17J*S (jia-hnkg, sun of the. deposed mnruuvh. recovers the 

 tl i in rn ! with I Ki! aid nf no nit! Kruneh auxiliaries and in 1802 reconstitutes 

 the Annamese empire under the Cochin -Chinese ■secptrc. From this time 

 I In? n <lat iDi i -i with Franco Iwtdrae tnoro frequent, and French preponderance 

 is firmly established when through tlx' efforts of Pignean de Helmine, 

 Bishop of Adr;n>, i -II •••••{ is .trtvi n l«. tin- ir.-ny .rf 17^7. it. J 1» E'i -n- - 

 Hay of Turane MM the Fnto Condor islets, in return for her assistance in 

 restoring the old Cochin -Chinese dynasty under (liodong, French officers 

 are now employed in drilling the native troop, fortifying this royal 

 1 lIhi-i's, i-Ti-i-t-irit^ formidable, citadels at Hum, Hanoi* and other important 

 strut cgie piintt, and affording tin- restored kin^ tin- moral f"ive by which 

 he triumph* over all his adversaries. 



But after his death in 1620 the anti-Kuropran national party acquires 

 the ascendant, tin- French nllieers are. dismissed, and the Roman Ottholha 

 religion, which had made rapid progress il wring the reign of Ctfft-long, is 

 subjected to cruel «nd systematic. natMWBfcuiB. Notwithstanding the 

 protests and occasional intervention of Franco, this poliry is persevered in, 

 until the execution of Bishop IK*?, in l*. r -7 w toast off Tit- Due, third m 

 aucce-^ioii from (lia-long, rails foi more active interference. Admiral 

 Kiguult de tSenouilljr captures Tourano in 185$, followed next year by tha 

 rout of tha Annamese army at the same place, and the occupation of the 

 forta at the entrance of iln 1 Donnd and of Cia-dinh (Saigon), n-iijii of 

 Lower Cochin-China. This virtually established French supremacy* which 

 was sealed by the treaty of ISA'S, ceiling the three best, and that of 1M7 tho 

 three remaining, provinces of Lower Cochin-China. 1 1 was further strength - 

 cued and extended by thn treaty of HJG3, securing the protectorate of 

 Cam lurid and the important strategical position of *' Quatre-Bras " on the. 

 Iff khotig. 



Then came the scientific expedition of tin' Mekhong (TJititi-flS), which 

 dissipated the hopes entertained of that river giving access to tin- !md, ...f 

 Southern China. Attention was n>:-'-'n d inu'ly mm - nil ivted •>>, ih- S-ng- 

 koi basin, ami the establishment of French interests in Tonkin secured by 

 the treaties of peace and commerce concluded with the Annaincsc Govern- 

 ment in 1874. Thix prepared the way for tin- iim-hi diplomatic compli- 

 cations with ArinaiiL and China, followed Iw the military' operations in 

 Cochin -China and Toukiu, which led up to the treaties of 1SS3 and 1 S S I , 

 attending the French protectorate to the whole of Annam, and forbidding 



tin- Auimncse tiovern: n1 nil tJi { ■ Li.»Iji,l1 u ■ relations with foreign [u»ttvrs. 



i.'hin i in.'hnl" I. • ■ p{ ihr..'5.i;h the intenncdiaiy of France. Lastly, tho 

 B^potntraeftt in IftSd of a FrctK'h liesidfiit-Oenentl, with fttll iLdmini*tmtivcr 

 powet> ( cflhri d the lnat vestige of national nutoiiomy, and virtuallv reduced 

 the tauten! kingdoms of Tonkin and Cochin-China to the position of an 

 outlying French, pOMffiaion. But here iig;iiu the uoiiiuiereiul Hpcculatiou 

 was doomed to disupjmifvtuieut, tho recent c.vplorulion of the Soiig-koi iunl 

 itn hi-ad wateiw having shewn thul il is us litlh- suit-'d m t!]<- Alekhnng for 

 opi'oiiiLi; Up the trade of Southern China t«i pfditital m:istL-r.H i*f Antuini. 



Oi] thti other hiind, tin- French nUthoritii'H af.j^.ir t*> h.ivr ;dn -ady siir- 

 cecttiMl in Ntop|dng the wholesale mossaeres of < 'hristlana which had broken 

 out afrimh during the lato internal ionat trouhleK. f "hrifitiantty, which WjW 

 origiuallj' introduced Ity th& PottVgtHSO Jestdta in thcitcvcntcciith ceutury, 

 and which had spread rapidly during the curly yearsof the present century, 

 will now receive a fresh iiupctutt under the French miastuuarics^ who have 



