EASTERN GEOGRAPHY, 



flies, beetles, and other insects arc found in a* great variety, peril rips, 

 as in any other part of the Archipelago, 



Minerals. — SktnuEtura is probably rich in minerals, as cnnl, 

 naphtha, Riilphur, iron, and gold huvu been funnd, as veil as indica- 

 tions of copper. The ore is of tine quality, and the iron and steel 

 produced in Menangkaban have been noted from time immemorial. 

 Tin uUo vxwts. and i- i .ik • • L in K inn pur, nearly opposite Malarc.L, 



Trade. — The chief exports are black pep|K'T, shipped in great 

 quantities fur Batavia and Singapore, maize, saigo, cocoa-nuts, camphor, 

 benzoin, dammar, cassia, cotton, gold-duet, and various tropical fruits. 

 In exchange arc (ak^n rhv, npu«m, *dr, piece'gonds, iron and copper 

 ware, pottery, Chinese goods, dried fish, The foreign trade of 

 the country i« rarrhd on through the pnrtn of Padaiig, Paletubnng, 

 Benculen, Serdang, Deli, Mtintnk. Telofc, Belong, Ikngkalis, and 

 Adiin, reccntly taken by the Duteli. St emu roiiiimuikntiim u 

 maintained between several of these ports and Singapore, I'enang, 

 I'nt.LvitL, mid other place* in tine Dutrh colonies, 



Inharjitante. — Apart from the Mill undetermined Indonesian 

 element, both the cultured -and uncivilized people belong to the 

 Malay stock, which, under different names, and with varying lan- 

 guages, customs, and religions, is found diffused throughout the 

 whole inland. Hem* many ethnologists heva regarded Sumatra as- 

 the principal home of tins race, mid in any case it must be looked 

 upon as the chief eentre of dispersion for the civilised Malay people 

 throughout the Archipelago during ihr la-t eight or icn eenturb-.H. 

 No dark or woolly -hai rod race, analogous to the Negritos of Malaya 

 and the Philippines, has ever been discovered in the island, which 

 from the remotest times has been entirely occupied by Malay peoples, 

 affected, especially in the north, by contact villi immigrants from 

 India, Arabia, and Indo China. The result iff these intermingling* 

 ban been a considerable diversity of type :nul spi-eeli, as shown in 

 the Achine«e and Ihtttai uf Ibe north, tin: Menaiigk:'d.iaiir of tin' ve>tr 

 and Jumbis of the east central districts, the fturawis, Palembanga, 

 Kejongs,and Laropongsof tho southern region*. Still more divergent 

 type* are those of [he Kulms, LuIum, and other rude tribes scattered 

 over the interior, many of whom should probably be grouped with 

 the Indonesian family* 



The Achineso of the extreme north, who hnvo for many were main- 

 tained a war of independence against the Dutrh, are regarded by Dr^ Van 

 Idrent us true Malavs witli a mixture, of Indian Ufwh pnwiiuiiug atnnitif* 

 willi ihi- natives of the Malabar and t-'oroniandel coasts. Like an many 



