150 



EASTERN GKOGltA.I'H V + 



goes out is kiudlcd anew from that of the nearest village obtained origin- 

 ally from tho Yohvuio. The tire* in uso up to the Into outburst were sill 

 piooncad from tho Bromo eruption of 1832.— Stmiia IVwtw, 1836. 



KurLhej linked are frequent, bat soldi nu violent, and subtly uf a local 

 dhimoltr. Xor do thoy now appear to bj*T« any intimate eoiuiuction with 

 the eruptions ; of 143 recorded by Ju&ghtlhn, not inure thau 24 have beon 

 in nay way associated with tlnW disturbaiiei'N. ISut the unMiiory Mirviw-i 

 of ! ■ - ..n v^iI^iH.u?, IWrrLi.'i lv a.-i-onjnanymu llie rxiilusiun's, hti-'lj as 



Urn.' 4.T Kingghit in lfiStf, when tluit giiiiit wu'a n-m iisuiuVr, involving in 

 tllfi minis 10,000 parsons ; anil that of riiiluiifj-guug '» 1822. whirti nwupt 

 away 115 villages with their 40QO inhabitant*, 



River*. — The northern vcrsnnt of Java differs from the ■ottthern 

 in tin; great development of its alluvial formation, which iu some, 

 places forms plains uf considerable client, lieuce the Ntreuuis 

 flowing to the Java Sea greatly exceed in length, and volume those 

 fatling into the Indian Dram, none of which sire navigable for bag*. 

 v..v-.^-l.s M'.-i uf iSl: tyi,. . r i i v. ;is ilnv nn- ml led in tin.' western 

 districts, are, moreover, obstructed by shoals or sandbanks at their 

 month* The largest, and in some respects the most useful, is the 

 licngawan* or Solo, which BoWfl by the eily of Huraknrta for 360 

 mil.-:-. eastward* tn Sur.ilay.i .Strait, mid i- inn uahl.- IW large UiaU 

 Next in magnitude is the Brontes, called in itn lower course the 

 Kali mas, and by Europeans the river of Surabaya, which niVr a 

 winding course round Mount Arjuno, fulls through two mouths into 

 thu Mum.! -i rait. The rapid formation of alluvial deposits at their 

 im.uLha. gives abundant proof of their disintegrating agency. Similar 

 accretions of hmd Lire taking place all along the north coast, where 

 steam-dredges have to be kept at work in all the large harbours. 



Owing to their gein n^Iv r.q.i.3 . ••iir-M mm] tvy u ntnl rliam-'M*, tin- 

 inuntnerablQ streams in id torrenta on both slopes of the island are, oti the 

 whole, far mart' intefnl fur irris»iian thnn for navigation. To thf cxteiiHive« 

 practice of thin art, combined with tliu rich character of thu volcanic and 

 alluvial R-nil . :u» ni.iir.ly -hi.- ih.' hvigiiitiecnt crops whieli l.'uilL]i3 .lava 

 to support 4-onsidorab]y moro than half thu population of tho whole 

 'Archipelago. 



Climate,— The "Javanese year in divided into a wet and a dry 

 season* the former lasting from October till March, when the moist 

 westerly winds prevail, the latter for tlm rest of the year, when the 

 cloudless east monsoon predominates. The driest months are July 

 and August, when the days are hottest and the nights coolest-. At 

 Bataviji the glaaa ranges from 70° — 74* F. in the morning, to about 

 63", and occasLonally even 9G at noon, lint on the uplands uf the 



