THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. 



151 



interior tin- extremes lie between W and 7u , falling t" 30' and fii* 

 i in tly hill* behind Sanmrong, and to 27' or 5' below freezing point 

 on ilie summit of Mount Sindoro. On all the highlands the climate 

 may he regarded as healthy for European*, who blfOOttM enerv tiled in 

 the bat and often insalubrious low-lying district* along the northern 

 jsunboard. 



Flora*— Rice, the ataple of food for all classes, is grown nut only 

 along all the court-lands, but on all the lowlands and vulluyn when* 

 water is available. It is replaced on the uplands by colb-e. which 

 ho* become the chief article of export. During thy tun years ending 

 the average annual produce of the Government plantations was 

 878,000, that of the private planters, 150,000 picnic The export of 

 coffee i* entirely in tint hands of the " Netherlands Trading Smdety. 1 " 

 Other vegetable products are sugar, raised chiefly in the Batavia 

 district where numerous sugar-mill* are now at work ; tobacco, 

 maizes pep{HT t Luitu;ir)i"TK cb'Vi-^ nitHjn-^, si^n. indigo, tea, and 

 pimento. Palm* and cocoa-nut trees abound in great variety, and 

 ere distinguished by their luxuriant growth, *utiwtimes reaching the 

 height of ISO feet. Fruit* of exquisite llavmtr t ^m h a& the nian^nstoen,. 

 durian, rarabulan, mango, plantain, gnavo, pine-apple, are largely 

 grown, and of lute years (he cinchona has hem successfully cultivated 

 by the Government, which now possesses 1,680,000 trees. The culti- 

 vation of tea, begun by Da Bus, has also attained a considerable 

 development, the production amounting in 1879 to over 5>7OQ,O0O lhs, 



A charni-tmalir fottwt phuit \h thn far-famed Up*f*, that III, " Polnou/ 

 avIiohh kilj. ii TiiMl to nil nuimnl lift'. Kso-nsivv forrsts of jnfi {tpakl oeeur, 

 i sjMTiidly ln-lween Snniarnij^ mol Sahiyu. ami yb'l't :i liu.l-i r nf Lin-r 

 quality than thnt -if Hunuali. Tli' 1 Hpi.vs thrive uv|l r hii! nrv 1 1 ■ t-E Miurh 

 ri:itiv,Lh .J, ntnl I he vims formerly extensively grown, was stopped by tha 

 old Dciti h Kant India Company for fear of prejudicing the South African 

 vineyard*. In the cental and western forests am found many valuable 

 trees, including us many is sixteen varieties of tlie oak. Hut 'the wood* 

 lauds are everywhere exposed to two destructive agencies — iliooltiH/j alany 

 cane, an ineradicable exhauster of the soil, highly injurious to all other 

 vegetation ; nnd the upland peasantry, who clear the hmd for tiling in the 

 moot reeklrss manner. On the lowland* a hotter method of cultivation 

 prevails, knotirn is the *' culture system/ 4 introduced by tiovernor-Gencnd 

 Van den Bosch over fiO years agvs. L'mlrr this sy^O-in tin- w^nt staph 1 * of 

 agriculture have Increased wonderfully, and although seareely more than 

 one-third of the laud is under i ■ulti vat ion, Java now prodtiecs not only 

 enough i;m\n for it*, own teeming pimnlnlious, but hsjj jlWj become a chief 

 sotireu of HUppJy fur Lli*s whole Archipelago, 



Fauna-. — The domestic animals an: the horse, cuttle, ^beep, goats, 

 swine, and buffaloes, the 1 art-mentioned being almost exclusively 



