16+ 



EASTERN GEOGRAPHY* 



Ati.ttmti.tn sections, fire, fully set forth at pp. 100, 110, and Deed tint 

 bene be repeated. Whether the lands of which it is coni|ro?ed be 

 j ili- t ilh a i-i-iiiiuLTkt of the vanished Lcmnria, formerly stretching 

 south-westwards to Madagascar, or of u submerged Piudrie continent, 

 which, with the Philippine*, extended eastward* and south-eastwards 

 to the M irslmll gmup and New Zealand (for this theory has also 

 been advocated), it seems evident that Celebes and the Moluccas 

 can have (armed no part of the Asiatic or Australian mainland, at 

 least since Miocene times. 



General Survey. — hying almost exactly in the centre of tint 

 Archipelago, of which it is the fourth largest member, exceeding in 

 size both Luzon and Java, Celebes stretches two degrees north and 

 nearly six south of the equator, between 119* and 120" E. longitude. 

 Thirt si range ly-shaped island, roughly resembling a starfish that Ikls 

 lost one of it* rays, oo?udsta of | central Tim- leu*, whence radiate north) 

 east, and south four great limbs, traversed by four mountain-ranges, 

 outl euchring ihw three great marine Gulfs of Toiuini, Tolo r and 

 Bout, Owing to this peculiar configuration,, paralleled only by its 

 eastern neighbour Jitoln, no part of h id river 50 miles frem the sea, 

 although it lias a total length of About 800 miles, and an area of over 

 70,000 square mihtt, with an enormous coastline of over tlOUO mile*, 

 AJ] the limb* terminate in isliDoV-, "t iin-uhir group-), sm-h .is Ful.iy.-r 

 in the south ; Miinaand Uuton fa the font h-east ; Peliug, Bungay, and 

 further eeuwarda the Suhi Group in the east ; Tagolando, Siao, 

 Sauguir, and oilier* in the imrtb-vr^t nil evidently at one time form- 

 ing part of the mainland, and indicating a former extension of Celebes 

 to warn Is the Sunda, Molucca, and Philippine Archipelagoes. 



Although tin; Interior still awaits systematic exploration, sufficient h 

 known of its utnirturc to conclude tlin'i it idmost everywhere conajsts of 

 very old cryst'dlme, e wlWBt fcwWMi and fcHlimontary roots, except, in tlm 

 *lT<tr*' , me nnrth-ffl-it. llev>- .'i ri-innrknliU 1 rhwU-r irf 11 i-. i]ihii.h s, m k-v.\\ 

 of which have been in iTupticm during the present century, tad ono of 

 which, Klrilnat. attains nn i-Vvatmn of nearly "f>00 fiwt Elsewhere thoro 

 ure several peaks, ranging from fio.00 to 10,000 ftwt and upwards, su<:h as 

 Doncll (ftfino t) at the north entrance of Monwrnr Strait ; Lomjmhatang 

 (A200), and Ronthain {apparently itf*nnt li>,0001, at tliu south md of thu 



central nucleus. But although the country is generally mountainous, with 

 a moan rh-vation of THihtips not leas than 2000 feet above ura-Ievi-l, ex- 

 tensive level or slightly rolling plains occupy a large space betwei n the 



Celebes, 



