near the habitations of men, &c."* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less 

 the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof* Thiselton Dyer, with the knowledge 

 acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Eew Herbarium, has found that 

 " there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of 

 Eindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it, The latter belongs to the 

 type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and 

 in Ceylon."! 



Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which, 

 qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will 

 be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully 

 worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts 4 

 Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler 

 found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North America, particularly 

 on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already 

 established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects 

 dependent upon them were present in abundance. § 



The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Bhopalocera of the Malay 

 Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, and 

 Borneo; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest 

 relationship with those of Borneo — especially North Borneo ; || in a lesser degree with those 



* Joum. Linn. Soc, Zcol., vol. ix. p. 852. f Proc. Roy. Geograph. Soc, vol. xxii. no. vt p. 25 (1S78). 



\ This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and lie gave the following table, based on the 

 information of Ilnchsetter, to illustrate the fact; — 



Ukqlooicai* CiunACTTii or thk uiamitXYisu 

 Beat. 



CrukftACTiiii or Son,. 



Respective czueuctku nr 

 Vegetation. 



1. Salt and brackish swamp, damp marine 



alluvium. 



2. Coral conglomerate and coral Band, dry 



marine aUuvhun. 



8. Coral conglomerate and coral Baud, beside 

 dry fretih-wafcer alluvium. 



4. Fresh-water swamp and daino fretih-w-aior 



alluvium. 



5. Plastic clay, i ungues tan clay, marls and 



partially serpen line. 



6. Sandstone, elate gabbro, dry river alluvium, 

 — ('Stray Feathers,* vol. ii. p. 44.). 



Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation. 



Fertile calcoreoua soil, principal constituents 

 carbonate und phosphate of lime* 



Fertile calcareous sandy soil. 



Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated. 



Not fertile, clayey soil, principal constituents 

 silicate of alumina and silicate of uiagueoia. 



Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and 

 lime, very fertile. 



Mangrove forest. 



Cocoa- palm forest. 



Large forest trees. 



Panrhuiufi forest. 



Grassy plains. 



Jungle {the true pri» 

 meval forest). 



§ Bull. U. 3. Geol. & Geogr, Snrv. vol. iii. p. 855. 



Mr. E, L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar occurrence Many years ago, on my old 

 magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a flower I had not previously noticed in the 

 north, the Arixtofochia indica, Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the oilier a large Papilio, frequented it in the south of 

 the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, 'Remenibur the marbled white; let us watch.' True enough in 

 duo time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had 

 they come? They were unknown in the north I I believe from what I have experienced, that with insects a species may 

 remain dormant in the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult 

 causes bring them out" (' Field/ June 9, 1877, p. 074). 



II 1 am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Fryer for the opportunity— by the aid of hie large collection— of 

 forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Khcpaloceiu of Northern Borneo. 



