It! I OP A Lot ERA MA LA 1 \ 1 AVI . 



the following : — Ar<j!jnstix, though u widely spread genus, of wliieh a species (A, #iph*) is recorded 

 Loth from Ceylon and Sumatra ; Sifinbrettthia, well represented in Continental India, and 

 also received from Sumatra and Java; Pijramris, of which the ubiquitous P. eardui may remain 

 to be discovered ; and Apatura, a very widely distributed genus, which, though absent Irani the 

 Peninsula, is still somewhat represented by the closely allied genus Eulacura. The genus 

 Vanessa, in the form of its species J', t. '-aun-um, has been recorded from iVimng by Mr- Kirby,' 

 probably on the strength of a specimen with that habiiat attached, in the Dublin Museum, hut 

 having seen no other specimen of that species in any of the collections I have examined, and 

 not having met with it myself when collecting on the spot, I have, pending corroborative 

 testimony, not enumerated the genus here. With these exceptions the Oriental genera of the 

 S ijmplifiiwn are well represented in the Malay Peninsula. 



The characters on which I have relied for the separation of the Nymphalina from the 

 Morpkina, viz,, the structure of the palpi, will I think he found generally to obtain, and to be of 

 an easily recognisable nature. Much of the apparent dilatation of the anterior margin of the 

 palpi is due to the presence of a thick clothing of long hairs, irregular in arrangement and 

 structure, but still of sufficient constancy to render the diluted appearance of the palpr\t the 

 anterior margins uniformly and easily discernible. 



Division would of course materially assist the study of this large group, especially if the 

 whole, and not a small faunistic portion only, were being examined; but, beyond some general 

 resemblances of form and colour, I have found little on which reliance could be placed for 

 divisional separation, and have therefore endeavoured to supply a synopsis of the genera en 8fo& | 

 When the developmental characters of the Nymjihaiina are more fully worked out, natural 

 divisions will probably be manifest; at present, though larval coincidences do exist in small 

 divisions of genera, the structural characters of the perfect insects do not always agree in 

 a like ratio. I 



• Cat. Diura. Lep. p. 1B1, 1 (1871). 



t Amongst others who have divided the subfatn. NtjmphaHnae^ and whose views will well repay study, mny be 

 mentioned Herrich-SchitfTer (Corresp.-BJatt. Zool. -mineral, vcr. Regensb. 18U4— " Separat." pp. Id — 40, where the whole 

 of the then recorded genera are analyzed and grouped) and 13urmeister (Deherip. rhyniij, do la Kepubl. Argent,, vol. v., 

 pp. Rift rt. wq., where :i portion of Lhe Neotropical i'uuim is alone treated). 



\ The uncertainty of the larval characters in this group, when taken as material for formulating sectional divisions, is 

 well shown by a reference to the views of HortifielU, who made a diligent and thorough examination of theno characters for 

 systematic purposes. In his Thy. Hanm-i form group, us already pointed out [ante* p. i!7K genera are there associated by larval 

 characters, which appertain not only to the Nymphatitue (both Morpkina and Symphalina) but also to the Satyrinas, It is t 

 however, searcely a satisfaetory feature in the study of Eastern Hhopalocera. that siuce thu time of Horafield's epoch-making 

 publication, scarcely anything has been published illustrative of the larva,' of Oriental species, till — after an expiration of fifty 

 yeans — the drawings of the Bros, de Alwin have recently appeared in Moore's 1 Lopidoptera of Ceylou.* Tins is the more 

 regrctable when we remember the number of enthusiastic collectors of butterflies, especially in the East, whose ftftfrttttW, 

 though of high scientific value, — its increasing our knowledge of genera and species, and therefore necessarily of the 

 geographical distribution of the same, — could still add so much to our knowledge by careful breeding, and even more 

 careful description of the results of the same. Conchoiogifite are now agreeing that the description of the outer covering of the 

 animal alone dues not necessarily meet the requirements ui" biology, and ihv tun. i> probably tmt far distant wht-u the true 

 describer of an insect will be expected to give its life-history. In Japan .Mr- H. 1V_vl-i it* adding greatly to our knowledge in 

 this respect (see Trans. Ent. Soc. ltW2 t p. -iwof, ami Mr. Hocking lias lately contributed to our information of the earlier stage 

 of Himalayan Hhopalocera (Proc. Zool. fc>ot\ 1W>, p. 



