Genus CETHOSIA, 



Cethusitt, Fabricius, III. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807 f; Doubl, Gen. Ditim. Lep, p. 150 (1848) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 



vol. i. p, 51 (1881). 

 iWmu, Hiibn. Vera. beL Scbmelt. p. 46 (1816), 



Anterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex* the apex rounded ; outer margin 

 oblique rind dentately waved : inner margin slightly concave about centre. Costal nermre extending to 

 about two-thirds of the costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the termination of the 

 cell, second at a abort distance beyond cell, third at about midway between end of coll and apex of wing, 

 fourth and fifth bifurcating nearer base of third than apex of wing ; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, 

 middle disco-cellular oblique and concave, lower disco-cellular almost twice tbe length of the middle and 

 slightly concave ; discoidal nervules emitted beyond basal third of wing ; first and second median nervule b 

 with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved near base. Posterior wings 

 broadly subovate, costal margin obliquely convex, outer margin rounded and dentately waved, abdominal 

 margin straight and oblique to beyond apex of abdomen and then obliquely excavated at anal angle ; costal 

 nervure extending to apex ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth from end of cell ; disco- 

 cel hilar nervules (the lower disco-cellular present) oblique and concavoly bent ; first and second median 

 nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, the first strongly curved at base. Body moderately 

 robust ; palpi porrect, raised above the level of the head, strongly villose beneath, third joint small and 

 pointed ; antenna? long, with a somewhat slender club, 



Cethosia is a truly eastern genus, being found hi Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman and 

 Nieobar Islands, Burma, Tcnasserim, and onwards through the Malay Peninsula, the whole 

 Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and Australia. Most of the species have a common fades, as is 

 shown in those belonging to this fauna, though New Ireland, Timor, and Java produce very 

 distinct, and— as far as colour markings are concerned —somewhat aberrant species* 



The larva of C. cyme, in Southern India, has been delineated by Mr. S. N. Ward, and 

 published in Horsfieid and Moore's Catalogue,* whilst that of the Ceylon species has been 

 portrayed by the Bros, de Alwis, and published in Moore's * Lepidoptera of Ceylon/ 



In both cases these larva are gaily coloured with red and yellow bands, with dorsal 

 slender and finely branched spines, and with a pair of suberect processes to the head. 



In India Capt. Mortimer J. Slater observed the transformations of u a species of Cethosia, 

 from a larva feeding on the passion-flower," and he describes the spines as "stinging."! 



1. Cethosia Iogani, * (Tab- VIIL, fig. 5 * .) 



Cethosia Ltujanu Distant, Ent. Month. Mag, vol. xviii. p. 18-i (1881). 



Male. Anterior wings above with tho basal third bright red, remainder black with white markings- 

 cell crossed by three pairs of narrow black fascirc, the last pair somewhat indistinct, owing to the proximity 



* Cut. Lap. Mue, EJ.C. i. p, 165, t, v. £ 8, 



J tbid. p. lfiG* Caterpillars possessing 11 atmging hairs*' or other nneatable qualities are. as a rule, brilliantly marked 

 and coloured so as to be conspicuous oven at a considerable distance. Mr, Wallace proposed a very philosophical explanation 

 of this fjict : — " 1 Jista-KtefulnoRs alone would, however, be of little service to caterpillars, because their soft and juicy bodies 

 are 'bo delicate* that if seized and rejected by a bird they would almost certainly be killed. Some constant and easily 

 perceived signal was therefore necessary to serve as a warning to birds never to touch these uneatable kinds, and *TO*y 

 gaady and conspicuous colouring, with the hub it of fully exposing themselves to view, becomes such u signal, being iu strong 

 contrast witli the green or brown tints and retiring habits of the eatable kiuds" ('Natural Selection/ p. 1H8). This view 

 requires to be reconciled with the theory of "experimental knowledge" lately put forward in connection with insectivorous 

 birds and inedible butterflies. 



| This species is dedicated to the lute J. R. Logan, of Penang, who, by the poflsession of a vast and varied oriental 

 learning, focussed in himself the whole centre and direction of scientific study in the Straits Settlements, and who, by 

 r • • i : 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 *_r uml Hti-stuiiiitig J Ik- -Journal of the East Indian Archipelago baa left no inconsiderable evidence of the some. 



