label attached : — " On Bamboo id compound of Malay bouse, at 4,80 pjii., composing itself 

 for the night." 



MEMXoS Group. 



f. Mejmum-group, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv, p. 29 (18G5|. 



Sect. LXV., Sub-sect. C. Felder, Spec. Lepid.Pap. pp. Sfl, 88, 84 {l&M). 



Kindest Hiibn. Vera. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816); Moore, Lep, CeyL. vol. i. p. 147 (1881). 



This is one of the most typical and interesting groups in the Malay an Papiliomnte, and 

 is distributed from Continental India and the Malay Peninsula throughout the Malayan 

 Archipelago, It is in relation to species of this group that Mr. Wallace first formulated his 

 celebrated conclusions as to the dimorphism, trimorphisin, unci polymorphism in the character 

 of the female sex, conclusions that were subsequently accepted and corroborated by 

 Mr. Trimen, who made similar observations in South Africa, and since supplemented by 

 Mr. W. H. Edwards in North America, who has shown seasonal variation in species belonging 

 to that fauna* 



One dominant species of this group, P, atjemr, — and one found in this fauna,— has been 

 recorded by Mr. Wallace * as having two forms of the female ; but since then Mr. Butler has 

 treated one of these and two others ae distinct species, considering he can separate the males, 

 and that it is only the n on -appreciation of the lesser differ euces observable in the male sex 

 that has induced observers to consider them as one species, 



The difficulty of deciding which of these views to accept (in the absence of exact breeding 

 experiments) has been much enhanced to the writer by having to deal with six distinct female 

 forms, if the view of one species mhj be adopted, whilst, on the other hand, a number of males 

 have been submitted to Mr. Butler, who lias discriminated three species, according to his 

 view, and another since received varies sufficiently ou these lines to be estimated as a fourth. 

 This gives four males only to six females t and therefore, awaiting the decision of the breeder, 

 I have adopted a tentative course liens treating the different forms as subspecies or distinctly 

 recognised varieties, t and it is to be hoped that Mr. Biggs or Mr. Purnford will soon settle 

 the question. 



7. Papilio age nor, (Tab. XXIX., fig. 1 s .) 



Papilio Aftnur, LinnreuB, Mub. Ulr. p. 104 (1704); Syst. Nat. L 2, p. 747, n. 14 (1767); Clerck, Icones, 



t. 15 (1764) ; Cram. Pap. Ex, i. t. 32, A, B (1775) ; Godt. Enc. Mctli. ix. p. 28, n. 9 (1819); AuriviJl. 



(parti, Kougl. sv. vet. Akad, HandL Band 19, no. S, p. 18 (l«d2). 

 Papilio Amlrotjtux, Wall, (part), Trans. Liun. &oc. vol. xxv. p. 47, u. 44 (1865) i Obertb. (part), fitades d'Ent. 



Quatr. Livr. p. 84, n. 11 (1879), 

 Papilio Memtum, Gray (part). Cat. Lepid. Papil, p. 13, n, 47 11852); llotsf. & Moore (part), Cat. L<4>. Mub. 



E.I.C. vol. i. p. 09, n. 202 (1867 j ; iieak. (part), Proc. Ent. Boe. Phil. iii. p. 449 (1864). 



Female. Anterior wings above pale fuscous, with dark longitudinal fuscous streaks in cell and 

 between the uervules; about baif of inner marginal area, and about half of outer marginal area 



* Under the name of P. androgen*,, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 47, n. 44 (1865). 



■f Papilio ccm a, jiu African butterfly, has been shown by ihc breeding experiments of Mr. Man&el Woale, lo have four 

 distinct forui8 T one male and three female, ami Mr. Trkuen, in conmiunting tJ ii this enervation, remarks that 41 the mules 

 present the customary amount of variation " (Trans. But. Soc. Loiul. Ib74, pp. 131 A 187 et teq. 



