24-8 ORIENTAL COMMERCE. [Madras to 



ping in the S. W. monsoon is abreast the river and village ; and a little far- 

 ther to the N. in the other monsoon. 



Between Bimlipatam and Ganjani are the rivers of Chicacoli and 

 Calingapatam, places of but little trade, and seldom frequented. 



GANJAM is situated in latitude 19° 22' N. and longitude 85° 10 E. 

 The fort, which is small, but compact, stands on the S. side of a river of con- 

 siderable size. This place is much frequented, particularly by coasting 

 vessels carrying on a considerable trade, many of which can enter the river. 

 Ships anchor abreast the fort, or rivers entrance, in eight or nine fathoms, 

 about two miles off-shore. 



MANNICKFATAM, in latitude 19* 40 N., is about 11 leagues to 

 the N. of Gan jam, and is situated on a branch of the Chilka Lake. It is 

 known by a small pagoda, encompassed with houses and other buildings, 

 having near them some large trees. Grain is scarce here. 



J AGGERN AUT PAGODAS are the most celebrated in India; the 

 largest is in latitude 19' 4-8' N., and longitude S5 3 52 E. Here is a large 

 town, about two leagues from the sea-side, which is seen far off by the height 

 of its buildings. At a distance the pagodas appear like a large ship under 

 sail ; but on approaching, there are three pagodas very near each other, the 

 S. W. one exceeding high and round, with a spike and a large ball at top. 

 The second, which almost joins the first, appears less round at the top ; it 

 has also a spike and ball, as has likewise the third, which is the least, and 

 round, like the first. These three pagodas, which seem joined together, form 

 a high and broad building. They are enclosed in a square wall made of 

 enormous black stones; each side of the wall is 100 fathoms in extent, 

 having four gates facing the four points of the compass. Besides these, there 

 are many small ones, and numerous buildings for the reception of pilgrims, 

 of which 100,000 are said annually to visit this venerated place, and are en- 

 tertained here. 



BLACK PAGODA is about five leagues E. N. E. from Jaggeruaut, 

 and at a distance also resembles a ship under sail ; about a league to the W. 

 of it is another small pagoda, standing, like this, on even reddish ground, 

 without trees. This circumstance is sufficient to distinguish the Black Pagoda 

 from that of Jaggernaut. About five leagues E. N. E. from the Black 

 Pagoda is the principal branch of the River Gonga, called also Cuttack, from 

 a long town of that name situated at some distance inland. 



POINT PALMIRAS, called by the natives Mypurrah, is in latitude 

 20°44'N. and longitude 87° 6' E. The Point is low, and covered with 

 palm-trees, having on each side of it a small river; that on the S. side is na- 

 vigable by small vessels. Ships seldom see the point in passing, unless in very 



