376 TBAYELS m THE EAST DSDIAH ABCHIPELAGO. 



their bloody rites. As soon as a few natives liad 

 been taught to read and write, they were employed 

 aa teachers, and schools were established fi'om place 

 to place, and from these centres a spirit of industry 

 and self-respect has diffiised itself among the peopk 

 and supplanted in a great measure their previous 

 predisposition to idleness and selt-neglect In 1840^ 

 seven years after Pieteraiaat gave the description 

 of these people mentioned above, the nuuxber of 

 Christians compared to that of heathen was as one 

 to sixteen, now it is about as two to five; and 

 exactly as this ratio continues to increase^ in the 

 same degi'ce will the prosperity of this land be- 

 come greater. 



The rocks seen on this journey through the 

 MinnhassEj aa noted above, are tmehytic lavas, vol- 

 canic sand and ashes, pmnice-stone, and conglome- 

 rates composed of these materials an<l clay formed 

 by their decomposition. They all ai)pear to be of 

 a late formation, and, as Dn Bleeker remarks, the 

 Minahassa seems to be only a recent prolongation 

 of the older sedimentary rocks in the residency of 

 Gorontalo, In this small part of the peninsula, 

 there are no less than eleven volcanoes. North of 

 Menado is a cliain of volcanic islands, which form a 

 prolongation of this peninsula. On the island Siao 

 there is an active volcano. Noiiih of it is the large 

 island of Sangir. According to Valentyn, the high- 

 est mountain on the island underwent an eniption 

 in December, 1711. A great quantity of ashes and 

 lava was ejected, mid the air was so heated for some 

 distance around, that many of the natives h)st their 



