112 



V. A. Sudhh—Gfrceeo-Moman Influence 



[No. 3, 



Strictly speaking, therefore, tlic name Gandhara is applicable only 

 to a small territory west of the Indus. 



Bnt tbe great city of Taxila, (Takkkasila, or Takskasila, tbe 

 modern Shah ki Dberi), situated tbree marches, or about thirty miles, 

 east of tbe Indus, was undoubtedly, in tbe time of Alexander the Great, 

 the chief city on the north-western frontier of India, and must have been 

 then, as it subsequently was in tbe reigns of Asoka and Kanishka, 

 included in the dominions of tbe government which ruled Gandbara. 

 Kanishka is expressly called the king of Gandbara.* 



Tbe vast Buddhist religious establishments at Manikyala, about 

 thirty miles south-east of Taxila, belonged to the same jurisdiction, and 

 at both places remains are fonnd of that Indo-Hellenic school of art, 

 which attained its chief development in Gandhara west of the Indus. 

 The name of Gandbara, as indicating an artistic and architectural 

 province, may, therefore, be extended, as it was by Mr. Fergusson, so as 

 to comprise the modern districts of Peshawar and Rawalpindi, including 

 Taxila and Manikyala, as far east as the Hydaspes or Jbelam river. 

 When speaking of the art of Gandhara I must be understood as employ- 

 ing the name in its wider sense. 



The upper valley of the Kabul river was full of Buddhist building's, 

 many of which have been explored by Massou and others, and was includ- 

 ed in the dominions of Kanishka and his successors. But, so far as the 

 published accounts show, this region was only slightly affected by 

 Hellenic influences, and it must, for the present at all events, be con- 

 sidered as outside the artistic province of Gandhara. 



The Gandhara territory, the situation of which has thus been defined, 

 was the principal seat of Hellenic culture in India, and from one or other 

 part of it nearly all the known examples of Indo-Hellenic art in its most 

 characteristic forms have been obtained. Traces of Greek and Roman 

 teaching may be detected in the remains at many localities in northern 

 and western India, but nowhere with such distinctness as in the lower 

 valley of the Kabul river. The Gandhara school of art obviously deserves, 

 though it has not yet obtained, a place in the general history of Greek 

 architecture and sculpture, and this cannot be said of the other early 

 Indian schools. 



At Bbarhut, Sanchi, Buddha Gaya, Ajanta, and Amaravati proofs 

 may be given that the local style of art was modified by contact with 



* A full account of the ruins of Taxila will be found in Cunningham, Arckwol. 

 Rep., Vol. II, pp. 112, seqq. ; Vol. V, pp. 6(3, sen., and Vol. XIV, pp. 9, w.,,/. Fa 

 Hian states that Dharma Vardhana (or Vivardhaua, as Dr. Logge writes tho name), 

 son of Asoka, ruled in Gandhara, and, according to another legend, cho stiipa in 

 memory of Asoka's son Kunala was situated Bonth-east of Taxila, (Cunningham, 

 Arcluml. Rep., Vol. II, p. 149.) 



