66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 



holes. In this case be careful to see that a drain is laid from 

 the bottom of each hole to ensm^e an escape for water and to 

 prevent it from standing in the hole. 



Manuee. 



Land that has been prepared by a heavy dressing of manure 

 for a previous crop Avill not require any more when planted ; but 

 if it requires manure, apply in small quantities to the hole, 

 thoroughly mix with the soil, and after just covering the roots 

 with soil apply another small quantity of manure, and then 

 cover with the remaining soil. 



As to the quantity required : but very little is needed at 

 planting, and it is better to err on the side of too little than too 

 much. 



After Treatment. 



Little can be done towards ground cultivation of ordinary 

 standard trees on grass beyond periodically top-dressing with 

 stable manure, bones, rags, &c., or fattening sheep on the 

 ground. This on most soils, however, is found necessary and 

 very beneficial. 



I would, however, strongly urge the benefit derived from 

 occupying the whole ground with trees and keeping the surface 

 open by top cultivation. If treated thus on heavy land the trees 

 will make more growth, produce much finer fruit, and keep clear 

 from lichen, &c. Whilst the trees are small, the cultivation may 

 be done by horse, either with the horse hoe or shallow ploughing. 

 After the first two or three years, however, the growth of the 

 trees will prevent this. It must then be done by hand. 



Manure should be applied at least every alternate season, 

 and should be spread over the surface, and be forked in during 

 the winter or early spring cultivation. 



Things to be Avoided. 



It is very desirable to avoid digging holes in unbroken ground 

 for the reception of young apple trees. Such holes are very 

 liable to hold stagnant water, and to become mere graves for the 

 trees. If possible the holes should not go below the depth of 

 actual cultivation. 



Above all things avoid planting too deeply. 



Avoid the use of the spade in digging too deeply near the 

 trees, as great damage is sometimes done by cutting the fibrous 

 roots. It is therefore safer to use the fork. 



Conclusion. 



To those who may be contemplating fruit-growing upon 

 heavy soils who may not have much practical acquaintance with 



