52 METAMORPHOSES. 



their form for the most part clearly distinguishable. To 

 these Aristotle originally gave the name of nymphce \ which 

 was continued by Swammerdam and other authors prior to 

 Linne (who calls them incomplete pupae), and has been adopted 

 by many English writers on insects. 



Butterflies, moths, and some of the two-winged tribe, are 

 in their pupa state also enclosed in a similar membranous en- 

 velope ; but their legs, antennae, and wings, are closely folded 

 over the breast and sides ; and the whole body enclosed in a 

 common case or covering of a more horny consistence, which 

 admits a much less distinct view of the organs beneath it. 

 As these pupae are often tinged of a golden colour, they were 

 called from this circumstance chrysalides by the Greeks, and 

 aurelice by the Romans, both which terms are in some 

 measure become anglicized; and though not strictly appli- 

 cable to ungilded pupae, are now often given to those of all 

 lepidopterous insects.^ These by Linne are denominated 

 ohtected pupae. 



I have said that most insects eat no food in the pupa state. 

 This qualification is necessary, because in the metamorphoses 

 of insects, as in all her other operations, nature proceeds by 

 measured steps, and a very considerable number (the tribe of 

 locusts, cockroaches, bugs, spiders, &c.) not only greatly 



1 Hist. Anim. 1. 5. c. 10. 



2 In explanation of the terms Lepidoptera, Lepidopterous, Coleoptera, &c., which 

 will frequently occur in the following pages before coming regularly to defini- 

 tions, it is necessary here to state that they have reference to the names given by 

 entomologists to the different orders or tribes of insects, as under : — 



1. Coleoptera, consisting of Beetles. Plate I. Fig. 1 — 6. 



2. Strepsiptera, of the genera Xenos and Stylops. Plate II. Fig. 1. 



3. Dermaptera, — of the Earwigs. Plate I. Fig. 7. 



4. Orthoptera, of Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Spectres, 



Mantes, &c. Plate II. Fig. 2, 3. 



5. Hemiptera, consisting of Bugs, Cicadce, Water-scorpioiis, Water-boat-men, 

 Plant-lice, Cochineal Insects, &c. Plate II. Fig. 4, 5. 



6. Trichoptera, consisting of the flies produced by the various species of Case- 

 worms, Phryganea, L. Plate III. Fig. 4. 



7. Lepidoptera, consisting of Butterflies, Hawkmoths, and Moths. Plate III. 

 Fig. 1—3. 



8. Neuroptera, consisting of Dragon-flies, Ant-lions, Ephemercs, &c. Plate III. 

 Fig. 5, 6. 



9. Hymenoptera, consisting of Bees, Wasps, and other insects armed with a sting 

 or ovipositor, and its valves. Plate IV. Fig. 1 — 3. 



10. Diptera, consisting of Flies, Gnats, and other two-winged'msecis. Plate IV. 

 Fig. 4, 5. Plate V. Fig. 1. 



1 ] . Aphaniptera, consisting of the Flea tribe, Plate V. Fig. 2. 



12. Aptera, — of Mites, Lice, &c. Plate V. Fig. 3 — 6. 



