'96 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 



constipation is persistent. At the outset the urine has the color of 

 white wiue, and is of intense alkaline reaction; soon it is only 

 passed in small quantities, its coloration becomes darker, and its 

 reaction is acid. The lacteal secretion is often reduced one-half. 



In the majority of cases we observe fever ; the pulse is acceler- 

 ated (an increase of ten to twenty pulsations or more per minute) ; 

 it is small, the artery is full ; the rectal temperature rises, but this 

 increase is not lasting or permanent ; a temporary increase in 

 temperature is not a reliable sign of the gravity of the disease. 

 (Harms.) 



In order to understand the pulse and temperature in the bovine 

 species it will be necessary to remember that both are extremely 

 variable, even during the normal condition. We must always 

 examine comparatively for these symptoms, studying the phenom- 

 ena presented by the sick animals with those of the healthy ones in 

 the same stable. 



The ox in a healthy condition has 45 to 50 pulsations per minute. 

 According to Harms, Bendz, Prinz, Yeith, and others, the normal 

 number of pulsations alternates between 40 and 120. 



According to Krabbe and Muller, the normal temperature of the 

 ox is 38.8° C. ; Siedamgrotzky has found it 38.9° ; Zundel, 39° ; 

 Lydtin, 38.1° to 38.5°. 



Duration and termination. In slight cases — and these are 

 the most numerous — improvement takes place between the fifth 

 and eighth days ; the movements of the paunch become more fre- 

 quent and the bruits more distinct; the febrile manifestations are 

 gradually alternated, rumination reappears, the appetite returns, 

 defecation is more abundant, and lacteal secretion is re-established. 



In catarrhs of some gravity the symptoms are more marked. 

 The mouth is dry, hot, and fetid, the tongue coated; the rumina- 

 tions and movements of the paunch cease entirely ; all aliments 

 are refused. In certain animals constipation persists, in others we 

 notice a colliquative diarrhœa ; the udder is flabby, and lacteal 

 secretion almost nil; the movements become more and more heavy 

 and difficult. The patients are much depressed, as if stupefied ; 

 when in decubitus they give vent to repeated groans; the look 

 expresses suffering, the orbits sink, the inner angle of the eye 

 becomes covered with an abundant mucus. The fever is intense, 

 the temperature rises to 40° C. and above ; the pulsations are in- 

 creased from thirty to forty beats per minute. The ears and horns 



