190 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 



the stomach into the intestine. The following composition may be 

 prescribed : Sulphate of soda 80 grammes, chloride of sodium 20 

 grammes, bicarbonate of soda 5 grammes. For the ox the doses 

 are 100 grammes, for the horse 50 grammes, and for the dog 2 to 

 5 grammes. Hydrochloric acid is not at all advisable. Zippelius 

 observes that ulcer of the stomach constitutes perhaps that grave 

 form of indigestion in which hydrochloric acid acts as a true 

 poison. In obstinate cases it will be proper to use subnitrate of 

 bismuth (0.1 to 0.5 gramme for the dog, as an antiseptic), or else 

 nitrate of silver. We may counteract intestinal hemorrhages with 

 styptics (tannin, iron, lead preparations). Narcotics will have to 

 be used to fight persistent vomiting of the dog (opium, hydrate 

 of chloral, bromide of potassium), also creosote, cieolin, tincture of 

 iodine, iced drinks, or hypodermatic injections of small doses of 

 morphine and cocaine together. 



GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL HEMORRHAGES. 



These hemorrhages result from various processes, the nature of 

 which is often difficult to determine. While they are always sec- 

 ondary and constitute only a symptom of another affection, we have 

 thought it proper to devote another article specially to these troubles. 



Btiolog-y. Gastric and intestinal hemorrhages are generally due 

 to mechanical or chemical lesions of the mucous membrane. Sharp 

 foreign bodies (bony splinters, fish bones, acicular and coniferous 

 leaves, etc.), also intestinal parasites (the gastrophile larvae, the 

 echinococcus, and the giant echinorrhynchus), caustics (non-dis- 

 solved emetics), besides commotion of the stomach through a blow 

 upon the hypochondrium, falls, and violent exertions may determine 

 them. As seen in the preceding article, in some cases they are the 

 result of the opening of bloodvessels produced by an ulceration of 

 the mucous membrane. They may be seen during the course of 

 acute gastro-enteritis, in diseases of dogs, and in general in all the 

 infectious diseases which are accompanied by a serious venous 

 hyperemia of the stomach and intestine (anthrax fever, petechial 

 fever of the horse, septicemia, septicemic vitulary fever of the cow).^ 



1 As causes of these hemorrhages we must also mention the venous stases produced 

 in the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane through changes of relation of the intestine, 

 cardiac valvular insufficiency, emphysema and pulmonary sclerosis, cirrhosis of the 

 liver, and thrombosis of the portal system. 



