GASTB 0-ENTEBITIS. 



193 



tion ; besides, there are always respiratory troubles present, and 

 mainly cough. In cases where the blood coming from the lungs is 

 swallowed and then rejected, and in those where the nauseas of the 

 hematemesis are accompanied by coughing-spells and from laryngeal 

 irritation, the diagnosis is often very difficult. Spinola insists upon 

 a liability to confound hematemesis with the vomiting of blood 

 which has been ingested in too large a quantity. 



In the dog, abscess of the anal glands has sometimes been mis- 

 taken for hemorrhoids.^ 



Treatment. The agents most frequently used are : cold water, 

 iced drinks, astringents, also alum, tannin, sulphate of iron, a solu- 

 tion of perchloride of iron (3 to 5 drops, in pills, for the dog), salts 

 of lead, nitrate of silver, opium, and ergot. Heavy and irritating 

 alimentary matters must be avoided and constipation prevented 

 by the administration of light purgatives and increasing regular 

 moderate work. Hemorrhages due to persistent intestinal hyper- 

 emia, produced by a serious chronic alteration, resist all treatment. 

 Those produced by vascular rupture of the rectal mucous mem- 

 brane may be combated by astringent injections. If they originate 

 from hemorrhoidal vegetations which are accessible to the hand, 

 we may have recourse to surgical means — ligature, cauterization, 

 -etc. Rectal hemorrhages of the ox yield ordinarily to styptic solu- 

 tions administered in clysters. 



GASTRO-ENTBRITIS. 



The gastro-intestinal mucous membrane may be the seat of phleg- 

 masia of a very variable nature. We will here dwell only upon 

 primitive and essential gastro-enteritis, laying aside those develop- 

 ing secondarily during the course of numerous affections — as bovine 

 pest, influenza, hydrophobia, petechial fever, also in changes of 

 relation of the intestine, etc. According to their localization, these 

 inflammations have received different denominations pointing par- 

 ticularly to the specially affected intestinal compartment ; we thus 

 distinguish gastritis^ duodenitis, ileitis^ typhlitis^ colitis, and proctitis; 

 practically, however, this distinction is almost always deceptive. 

 It is preferable to classify them according to the character or inten- 

 sity of the phlegmasia, and to recognize parenchymatous, phleg- 



1 Eiselen : Eepertor., 1841. 

 13 



