INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS, 



265 



extract of male fern, in doses of from 2 to 4 grammes, or kamala 

 (5 to 6 grammes), with the administration of castor oil three hours 

 after the tseniafuge potion has been taken. 



Formerly veterinarians used the worm cakes of Spinola (male 

 fern, absinthe, and wagon grease, of each 1 kilogramme ; kitchen 

 salt, J kilogramme ; flour and water q. s.), and Chabert's empyreu- 

 matic oil, given per teaspoonful, with 0.2 to 0.3 gramme of tartar 

 emetic. 



3. For poultry Ziirn recommends pulverized areca nut, in doses 

 of 2 to 3 grammes, in pills, and a purgative. This agent seems 

 to be the best anthelmintic for the different species of birds ; after 

 its administration, turkeys sometimes exhibit a certain excitement. 

 Pulverized rhizome of male fern (in doses of 1 to 4 grammes) is 

 much inferior to the areca nut. 



In other domestic animals we may use the same tseniafuges as 

 for the dog and the sheep. 



For the horse, it is proper to resort to the drugs mentioned in 

 relation with the nematode worms (tartar emetic, arsenic, essence 

 of turpentine, etc.), or to the areca nut, two tablespoonfuls after 

 each meal (Fuchs). 



II. Ascarides. 



The principal ascarides of our domestic animals are : 

 a. In the horse and donkey : Ascaris megalocephala ; 

 h. In the dog : Asmris marginata and Acaris mystax ; 



c. In the cat : Asmris mystax ; 



d. In the ox and the pig : Ascaris lumbricoides (vituH and suilla) ; 



e. In poultry : Heterahis (formerly Ascaris) inflexa and vesicu- 

 lariSf in the chicken, etc. ; Heterakis maculosa^ in the pigeon ; 

 Heterahis dispar, in the goose. 



Anatomical alterations of the intestinal mucous mem- 

 brane produced by ascarides. Ascarides often exist by thou- 

 sands in the digestive canal of animals. Through their armed 

 mouth they produce deeper wounds in the intestinal mucous mem- 

 brane than do the taenias ; at times, though rarely, they perforate 

 the intestinal walls and thus produce peritonitis. At the autopsy 

 of dogs that have died from disorders produced by ascarides we 

 find the mucous membrane tumefied and catarrhal ; it shows numer- 

 ous little round darkish spots, due to the special action of the 

 worms, and on the level of which are noticed a central ulcerative 



