268 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 



3. In poultry, Ziirn recommends the areca nut, in the dose of 

 3 grammes for the chicken and 1 gramme for the pigeon. 



III. Strong-ylus. 



The species found in the intestines of animals are : 



a. In the horse : Sderostoma armatum and tetracanthum. 



h. In the sheep and the goat : Strongylus contortus (strongylus of 

 the abomasum), Sclerostoma hyposiomum, Uncinaria cernua, Stro7igy- 

 lus jilicolUs, and Œsophagostoma venulosum. 



G. In the ox : Uncinaria i^adiata, Œsophagostoma inflatum, and 

 Strongylus ventricosus. 



d. In the dog : Uncinaria trigonocephala and U. stenocephala. 



e. In the cat : Uncinaria trigonocephala. 

 J. In the PIG : Sclerostoma dentatum. 



g. In POULTRY : Strongylus tenuis and nodularis (goose), and 

 Strongylus per gracilis (grouse). 



(A.) SCLEROSTOMA OF THE HORSE. 



Natural history. 1. Strongylus armatus manifests itself in 

 the equine organism under two forms : first, in the larval state, 

 deprived of genital organs — in aneurism of the anterior mesenteric 

 artery (see Thrombo-embolic Colics) ; second, in the state of the 

 adult worm — in the caecum and colon. Expelled with the excre- 

 ments, the ripe eggs are developed in water and mud, and produce 

 rhabditiform embryos. 



When these latter are introduced into the intestines of the horse* 

 with the water, they penetrate partially into the large mesenteric 

 artery, and mainly into the trunk ; there they undergo several 

 metamorphoses, they develop their genital organs, then they return 

 into the large intestine, where they become fixed through the medium 

 of their head, which is in the form of a trephine. 



The Sclerostoma tetracanthus becomes encysted in the submucous 

 connective tissue of the intestine ; when arrived at an adult age, 

 and provided with genital organs, they emigrate into the inside of 

 the digestive canal. 



Anatomical alterations of the intestine. 1 . The sclerostoma 

 of the armed form produces at its point of attachment upon the 

 mucous membrane a small reddish-blue blot, which is often taken 

 for an ecchymosis ; but on microscopical examination we notice in 

 the centre of this spot a worm of a reddish color, one-fourth of 



