INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS. 



275 



sometimes perforation of the intestine, and a consecutive peritonitis. 

 The intestine has its serous surface pearled ; its walls contain puru- 

 lent centres of the size of a hemp-seed, which is surrounded by a 

 red zone. In making the incision we find, at the level of these 

 points, circumscribed ioflammatory spots having the echinor- 

 rhynchus' head as a centre ; at their periphery the mucous mem- 

 brane is red and thickened. Sometimes the inflammatory process 

 leads to an ulcerative destruction, and the loss of substance extends 

 as far as the serous membrane. In other places the mucous mem- 

 brane is slatish-gray, thick, and covered with exudate (Kocoureck). 



Symptoms. Loss of appetite, constipation, restlessness; the 

 animals scratch, dig, and carry the muzzle or the teeth against the 

 abdomen ; the emaciation increases ; there are convulsions, epilep- 

 tiform spasms ; in young pigs death may occur in three or four 

 days. The disease assumes quite frequently an epizootic form. 



Treatment. Prophylaxis : destruction of the June bugs or 

 permanent stalling of the pigs. The internal treatment requires, 

 the administration of various anthelmintics. Kocoureck has ob- 

 tained good results from the use of essence of turpentine (per tea- 

 spoonful), followed by a purgative (sulphate of magnesia, 10 

 grammes ; aloes, 5 grammes). 



VI. Various other Intestinal Parasites. 



(A.) Trematodes : Amphistoma conicum, in the rumen of the 

 ox, the sheep, the goat. Generally it is inoffensive ; in Australia^ 

 however, it is said to cause great losses in the flocks. 



Hemistoma alatum, in the small intestine of the dog. 



GastrodisGus polymaslos, in the large intestine of the horse, mule, 

 or ass, in Egypt (Sonsino), in Senegal (Sarciron), and in Guadeloupe 

 (Couzin). 



Distoma echinatum (duck, goose), oxycephalum, ovatum (chicken,, 

 goose), linearey dilatatum^ pellucidum, armatum, commutatum. 

 (chicken), cuneatum (peacock). 



Monostoma mutahile (goose), attenuatum (goose), verrucosum 

 (chicken, goose, duck). 



In poultry the trematodes produce similar symptoms to those of 

 round- worms and tsenias. The treatment is the same as for the 

 latter. 



{B.) Spiropteras: Spiroptera megastoma and microstoma^ in 

 the stomach of the horse. 8. megastoma produces, in the cardiac 



