276 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 



portion of the stomach, tumors from the size of a bean to that of a 

 nut, provided with an opening and able to cause gastritis, colic, etc. 



Spir optera sanguinolenta, in the dog's stomach, where it produces 

 inflammatory centres and gastritis. 



Spir opter a strongyUnciy in the pig's stomach. 



Spiroptera scutata, under the œsophageal mucous membrane of 

 the ox, sheep, and pig. 



(C.) Gnathostoma : Gnathostoma hispidum, in the pig's stomach. 



(D.) TmcHOSOMA: Trichosoma tenuissimum, in the pigeon's 

 intestine, where it is often found in considerable quantities (as 

 many as 1830 parasites) ; it causes an intense catarrh, a hemor- 

 rhagic chronic enteritis, emaciation, anemia, etc. 



(E.) Teichocephalus : Trichocephalus qffinis, in the ox, the 

 sheep, and the goat ; T. depressiusculus, in the dog ; T. crenatus, in 

 the pig. All are harmless. 



(Concerning the symptoms produced by the gastrophile larvae, 

 see Verminous Colics of the Horse.) 



DISEASES OF THE LIYEK. 



ICTERUS: JAUNDICE. 



Icterus does not constitute a special morbid entity ; it is merely 

 a symptom common to many pathological conditions. 

 We have long ago distinguished : 



1. Catarrhal icterus, due to catarrh of the biliary canals. 



2. Hepatogenic icterus^ which appears as an epiphenomenon of 

 the liver diseases (congestion, parenchymatous and interstitial 

 hepatitis, atrophy, amyloid degeneration, fatty degeneration, car- 

 cinoma, distomiasis, echinococcus of the liver ; thrombosis of the 

 portal vein, etc.). 



3. Hematogenic icterus, which is a third and very different form, 

 considered from the standpoint of their pathogenesis may be distin- 

 guished as " icterus of stasis," icterus of absorption," and ^^cterus 

 of retention," also mechanical icterus" — all, without exception, 

 are associated with a liver trouble or with an obstacle preventing 

 the discharge of the bile, while the hematogenic icterus is due to a 

 decomposition of the blood produced during the course of infectious 



