ANALYSIS OF THE URINE. 



349 



a. Wounds of the kidneys, occasioned by a contusion of the 

 lumbar region or a serious fall, by crushing (in the dog), by ex- 

 cessive efforts, by penetration of ingested foreign bodies into the 

 kidneys, etc. 



b. Hemorrhagic nephritis. Cases of acute nephritis are quite 

 frequently accompanied by a slight hematuria in their initial period ; 

 the same is the case in renal phlegmasia produced by acrid princi- 

 ples, animal or vegetable (young coniferous sprouts, cautharides, 

 may worm, mercurialis, white bryony, acrid diuretics, etc.) ; also 

 by some mushrooms (rusts, anthrax, moulds, ergot of rye), and by 

 metallic poisons (mercury, phosphorus, etc.). The most important 

 of these hematurias is that happening quite frequently in the ox after 

 the ingestion of acrid plants (see Poisonings by Turpentine Plants). 



c. Renal hyperemia, in an active or passive state. It is to this 

 cause probably that we must ascribe the hematurias of gestation 

 observed in the cow (Hering), especially among pure-bred Dur- 

 hams, and which generally happens immediately before or after 

 parturition. The ingestion of water which is' too cold (Ryschner), 

 the feeding of green oats or rye (Heriug), a too abrupt change from 

 a poor to a rich and abundant alimeutation (observed in Auvergne 

 by Hurtel d'Arbuval upon almost all the animals purchased in 

 poor condition, and iu Normandy, England, and northern Ger- 

 many by other observers) are so many predisposing causes to the 

 production of renal hyperemia. Albert has seen hematuria as a 

 symptom of pneumonia from a foreign body ; the red urine was 

 here undoubtedly the expression of septic infection or pyemia. 



d. Pyelitis, particularly the suppurating form of this affection, 

 and the presence of the giant eustrongylus in the pelvis of the kidney. 



e. Cystitis: the acute and hemorrhagic inflammation of the vesical 

 mucous membrane, and the chronic cystitis occasioned by vascular 

 dilatations, may accompany hematuria. 



/. Vesical calculi, wounds, vesical tumors (cancer, polypus, tuber- 

 culous or glanderous infiltrations) ; also ulcers of the mucous 

 membrane. 



g. Urethritis, ulcers, tumors, and calculi of the urethra. 



h. Prostatitis and concretions of the prostate. 



i. Acute infectious diseases, during the course of which a " hemor- 

 rhagic diathesis" is developed (anthrax, pyemia, septicemia, con- 

 tagious pneumonia of the horse, variola, canine distemper, petechial 

 fever, etc.). 



