CHRONIC ENDOCARDITIS: VALVULAR ALTERATIONS. 475 



3. Vertiginous paroxysms after exertions (in draught dogs). 



4. Cyanosis of the mucous membrane of the skin (in the pig), 

 especially marked upon the ears and the back (Daudt) ; swelling of 

 the veins (glosso-facial and jugular); venous pulse. 



5. Discharges into the splanchnic cavities (ascites, hydrothorax, 

 hydro-pericarditis), and oedema of the belly, sheath, chest, and legs. 



6. Albuminuria and lessening of the urinary secretion — phe- 

 nomena which are due to blood stagnation in the kidneys. 



7. Icterus, a consequence of passive hyperemia of the liver. 



8. Embolisms of the peripheral organs. They are derived from 

 cardiac thrombus produced by the slowing of the blood-flow. They 

 are observed in the lung, braiu, kidney, liver, spleen, in the ex- 

 tremities (here they sometimes produce lameness — Weber), and the 

 articulations (acute secondary articular tumefactions observed in the 

 horse — Perci val) . 



9. Progressive emaciation, weakness, marasmus, easy and fre- 

 quent perspirations after the slightest efforts — symptoms which 

 coexist with a general apyretic condition. 



10. Abnormal bruits which are observed on auscultation. 

 Symptoms of particular valvular affections. The most 



important of these diseases are insufQciency of the mitral valves 

 {horse and dog), tricuspid (ox), aortics, with contraction of the 

 corresponding orifices ; alterations of the orifices and pulmonary 

 valves are much more rare. They do not always remain simple 

 and isolated ; on the contrary, they often become combined, and 

 the symptoms by which they are marked may become strangely 

 complicated. Because of the precision of cardiology in human 

 ])athology, and the abundance of special works published on vet- 

 erinary matters, also the personal observations that we have gath- 

 ered, we have decided to describe the particular characters of the 

 different valvular affections ; this study may serve as a basis for 

 future works. 



I. Mitral insufficiency. It produces at the time of systole 

 a re-flow of blood into the left auricle through the incompletely 

 closed auriculo-ventricular opening. 



The vibrations of the refluent blood through the mitral orifice 

 and its meeting with that leaving the pulmonary vein produce an 

 acute systolic bruit (blowing).^ The auricle, filled to excess, becomes 



1 The seat of the bruit is characteristic of the lesion and its sound from the form of 

 this lesion. In mitral insufficiency the blowing is especially extended to the base of 



