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President Darnai^l — The next paper on the program ; I will 

 call on Mr. Wilbur Walden, "The Essential Steps in Ujpland 

 Mosquito Control in a Large City." 



The Essential Steps in Upland Mosquito Control in a Larg-e 



City. 



BY WII.BUR WARDEN, DEPUTY CHIEE INSPECTOR QE THE ESSEX 

 COUNTY MOSQUITO EXTERMINATION COMMISSION.' 



There is a grgwing tendency to underestimate the value of 

 mosquito extermination in the closely populated districts. This 

 is due in part to the openness of the salt-marsh areas, where one 

 sees the entire breeding area at once, so to speak, while in the 

 City of Newark, for instance, the great majority of breeding spots 

 are isolated and under cover. To be sure, salt-marsh work is of 

 greater importance because the species which breed on the 

 marshes distribute themselves widely over the upland, but it 

 should not be allowed to overshadow the upland fresh-water 

 work. 



City work should be religiously carried out in order that no 

 places may exist where a brood of pipiens from the edges of the 

 salt marsh could further their breeding in the city. 



It seems to me that of the two problems from the public's 

 standpoint the pipiens is of the greater importance, due to its 

 characteristics. While not so great in numbers as the canta^or 

 and sollicitans, their habit of entering houses through the screens 

 at the worst possible time of night, namely, sleeping time, makes 

 them especially obnoxious. To be pestered for two or three 

 hours by an elusive mosquito when one should be sleeping is far 

 from being beneficial to the next day's work. 



Considering the fact that the presence of two female mosqui- 

 toes is noticed many times more than the absence of thousands, 

 it is well to work with the ideal of total abolition O'f all breeding 

 places in both salt-marsh and populated areas. 



It is with this ideal before us that the work of extermination 

 in the City of Newark has been laid out. 



