116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



America before the settlement in that country of Europeans. The 

 earhest evidence of this cited by Mr. Trumbull is that derived from 

 Champlain, who, in 1605-06, observed that the Almonchiquois Indians 

 (of New England) had ' force des racines qu'ils cultivent, lesquelles 

 ont le gout d'Artichaut.' To this Mr. Trumbull adds that it is to these 

 roots that Lescardot alludes (' Hist, de la Nouv. France,' 1612), when, 

 speaking of the same Indians and their country, he says that the 

 latter contains a kind of roots, ' grosses comme naveaux, tres excellent 

 a manger, ayant un gout retirant aux cardes, mais plus agr^able, 

 lesquelles plantees multiplient en telle fa9on que c'est merveille.' 

 Following these is Sagard Theodat, who, in his ' Histoire des Canada ' 

 (1636), mentions the roots which the French called ' Canadiennes, 

 or Pommes de Canada.' 



" Proceeding now to the medieval history, or that of the cultiva- 

 tion of this plant in Europe, it seems to have been introduced into 

 England very shortly after, if not before, it had attracted the attention 

 of travellers as being propagated by the Indians in America as a food 

 product, for in the year 1617 Mr. John Goodyer, of Maple Durham, 

 Hampshire, received two small roots of it from Mr. Franqueville, of 

 London, which, being planted, enabled him before 1621 * to store 

 Hampshire.' In October of the same year Mr. Goodyer wrote an 

 account of it for T. Johnson, who printed it in his edition of Gerard's 

 ' Herball,' which appeared in 1636, where it is called Jerusalem 

 Articho'ke. Previous to which, in 1629, it had been figured and 

 described under that name by Parkinson in his 'Paradisus,' and he 

 also mentions it in his ' Theatrum ' in 1640. 



" From the last-given date to the present time the Jerusalem Arti- 

 choke has been extensively cultivated in Europe, but rather as a 

 garden vegetable than a field crop, and has extended into India, where 

 it is making its way amongst the natives under Hindoo, Bengali, and 

 other native names. 



" It is very curious that the native country of a plant so w^ell known 

 in gardens, and in a wild state throughout the length of the Central 

 United States, and in Canada, should have for upwards of two hundred 

 and fifty years been considered doubtful. In 1855 Asa Gray's atten- 

 tion was drawn to the subject from having received some long, narrow 

 tubers, which he considered to be Helianthus doronicoides, Lamk., 

 with the statement that it had been found to be good food for hogs. 

 These were planted in the Cambridge (U.S.) Botanical Gardens, and 

 were found to produce after two or three years, thicker and shorter 

 tubers, which, when cooked, resembled Jerusalem Artichokes in 

 flavour, though coarser. This led Dr. Gray to conclude that 

 H. doronicoides was most probably the original of H. tuherosiis, an 

 opinion which was strengthened by subsequent observations pub- 

 lished in the second edition of his ' Manual of the Botany of the 

 N. United States ' (1865). Matters, however, did not end here, fo- 

 it was discovered that the H. doronicoides, Lamk., as described by 

 American botanists, included two species, that so called, and the true 



