NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



283 



localities. It was found that the insects excrete a considerable quantity 

 of honeydew, and that certain species of ladybird, lacewing flies, etc., 

 frequently feed upon them. 



The fungi (see p. 68, et seq.) found to attack the white fly are 

 Asc}ierso7iia aleyrodis, A. flavo-citrina, Sphaerostilhe coccophila, Verti- 

 cillium heterocladum, Microcera sp. and an unrecognized brown fungus. 



F. J. C. 



White Fly Studies in 1908. By E. W. Berger, Ph.D. (U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn. Florida, Bull. 97; February 1909; 19 figs.).— ' Among the 

 natural enemies of insects are fungi, bacteria, and predaceous insects. 

 Bacterial diseases of the white fly are at present unknown, but the known 

 fungus diseases of this insect are seven in number." The bulletin 

 gives an interesting account of the white fly (Aleyrodes citri), and 

 describes the methods of combating it by means of infecting its larvae 

 with the spores of the parasitic fungi. — V. G. J. 



White Pine Bligrhts, Present Status of the. By P. Spauld- 

 ing (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind., Circ. 35, Aug. 1909).— The 



investigations into the blights to which the white pine (Pinus Strohus) 

 is subject suggest that there is little to be alarmed at in the occurrence 

 of this fungoid disease. — A. D. W. 



Woburn, Eleventh Report, 1910. By the Duke of Bedford, 

 K.G., and Spencer U. Pickering, P.E.S. — This report deals with the 

 nature of copper fungicides, the changes which they undergo when 

 in use, and their action on vegetable organisms. See note under 

 " Fungicides, Copper." — A. P. 



Woodlands of England. By C. E. Moss, W. M. Bankin, and 

 A. G. Tansley (New Phytologist, ix. pp. 113-149; March-April, 1910). 

 — This paper gives a general description of the various types of wood- 

 land found in England, and is an outcome of a series of botanical 

 surveys carried out by the authors. After dealing with the difficulties 

 raised through the planting and sylvicultural treatment of our native 

 woods, and the influence of coppicing, the paper goes on to group the 

 woodlands. Three main types of wood are distinguished: (a) Alder- 

 willow on wet soils ; (b) Oak and Birch woods on non-calcareous soils ; 

 (c) Beech and Ash woods on calcareous soils. Further subdivisions 

 are introduced and their characteristic features and undergrowth are 

 considered. Thus the oak woods become grouped into damp oak woods 

 and dry oak woods ; oak-birch-heath woods at low elevations, and very 

 characteristic of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex; birch woods at high 

 elevations. The method of treatment is practically unique, and the 

 paper is free from technical detail, so that it is available for the general 

 j reader who is interested in woodlands. The reprint before us may 

 I be purchased from the New Phytologist, Botany School, Cambridge, 

 price Is. Id., so that there is no need to attempt to abstract it. 



W. G. S. 



