NOTES AND ABSTEACTS. 



481 



Codlin Moth. By E. Dwight SaDderson (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. 

 New Hampshire, Bull. 143; Dec. 1909; 23 figs.).— The loss to New 

 Hampshire fruit-growers through this pest is estimated at fully one- 

 third of the total crop, equivalent to a cash loss of $250,000 per annum. 

 This bulletin goes very fully into its life-history, with special reference 

 to the dates of pupation, the emergence of the moths, and the hatch- 

 ing of the eggs. Statistics compiled from careful examination showed 

 that about 70 per cent, of the cocoons were on the main trunks of the 

 trees, and that only 5 to 20 per cent, survived the New England 

 winter, the time of pupation varying according to the season (p. 64). 

 It is estimated that less than 5 per cent, of the first brood of larvae 

 transform to the second generation of moths, but, as each female lays 

 from 60 to 70 eggs, it follows that 4 per cent, only of this first brood, 

 assuming half to be males, would be sufficient to ensure as many 

 larvae in the second generation as in the first (p. 71). 



Experiments in spraying have been conducted for three years, 

 over a million ' Baldwin ' apples, on 521 trees, in 102 plots, being 

 examined and recorded. When used alone arsenate of lead was found 

 better than Paris green, on account of its superior adhesiveness (p. 72), 

 but when used with Bordeaux there was little to choose. Two pounds 

 of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water gave the best results. It was 

 found that a single spraying just after the blossoms fell preventeci 

 82 per cent, of the worminess of the season (p. 75), and that when 

 this was supplemented by a second spraying "about July 1 this per- 

 centage rose to 85-95, giving not over 5 per cent., and often less 

 than 1 per cent, of the picked fruit wormy, while the later spraying 

 alone prevented only 70 per cent, of the worminess. Much depends 

 upon the varieties of apples treated, the calyces of * Baldwin's ' closing 

 a week to ten days after the last blossoms have dropped, while in 

 other varieties the calyces remain open longer. The bulletin closes 

 with a sample of replies to a series of questions with which fruit- 

 growers were circularized, and a number of reports on the effects of 

 spraying. For other investigations deahng with this pest see abstract 

 in the last number of the Jouenal, p. 233. — A. P. 



Colorado, Vegretation in. By W. W. Bobbins (Bot. Gaz. vol. 

 xlix. pp. 256-280; with 7 tigs.; April 1910).— The physiography, 

 climatology, and plant zones of Colorado are described. 



The zones are divided into: (1) Plains, with grasses dominant and 

 an open flora (sometimes not more than 25 per cent, of the ground is 

 covered); on ridges and " buttes " occur shrubs, such as Yucca, Prunus, 

 Ceanothus, and various mat and rosette plants. Populus and Salix spp. 

 fringe the streams. (2) Eastern lower Foothills and Meras, the meet- 

 ing-place of forest and grass formations. The dominant trees are 

 Douglas fir [Picea mucronata) and Eocky Mountain yellow pine. Scrub 

 Oak and Cercocarpus parvifolius form a " chaparral " between grass 

 and forest. Pimis edulis and Sahina spp. are common in the lower 

 regions. (3) Eastern Upper Foothills, from 6000 to 8000 feet. Yellow 



