NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



487 



FPOSt Injury {Gard. Chron. xlvii. (1910), p. 24; Jan. 8).— The 



cause of injury to plants exposed to low temperatures is discussed, and 

 the bearing upon the question of the drying of protoplasm owing to the 

 withdrawal of water without the power of keeping up the necessary 

 supplies. — F. J. C. 



Frost, Resistance of Plants to (Gard. Chron. xlvh. (1910), 

 p. 120). — The means by which certain plants are able to resist low 

 temperatures which are fatal to others are discussed, and it is pointed 

 out that these means are mainly due to the presence of certain chemical 

 substances in the cells of the plant which delay freezing. The presence 

 of these substances is not marked by any definite morphological charac- 

 ters, so that it remains as difficult as ever to foretell whether or not 

 a plant is likely to suffer from frost by a mere inspection of it. — F. J. C. 



Fruits and Seeds, Anatomy of. By Dr. Georg Eitter {Beih. 

 Bot. Cent. xxvi. 2. Abt. Heft i. pp. 132-156; 1909).— The anatomical 

 characters of a considerable number of the fruits and seeds of such 

 natural orders as Oaryophyllaceae, Eanunculaceae, Saxifragaceae, 

 drassulaceae, Gruciferae, and a few others are given in tabular form. 



It might, in some cases, be possible to find the natural order or 

 even the species by this method. — G. F. S.-E. 



Fruit (Deciduous) Insects and Insecticides {U.S.A. Dep. 

 Agr., Bur. Entom.-, Bull. 68; Jy. 20, 1909; figs. ; bibliography). — Nine 

 papers by various authors, profusely illustrated, and of great interest 

 to fruit-growers generally. These papers were issued separately during 

 the years 1907-1909, and are headed, respectively, " The Pear Thrips," 

 " The Spring Ganker-worm," *' The Trumpet Leaf -miner of the 

 Apple," "The Lesser Peach Borer," "The Lesser Apple Worm," 

 " Grape Eoot-worm Investigations in 1907," " Demonstration Spray- 

 ing for Godlin Moth," "The Grape-leaf Skeletonizer, " and "The 

 Peach-tree Bark Beetle." — 7. G. J. 



Fruit Flies. By T. W. Kirk, F.L.S. (Dep. Agr. New Zealand, 

 Bull. 22; 1909). — The Queensland fruit-fly (Tephrites Tryonii) attacks 

 apricots, peaches, plums, &c., the egg being laid beneath the skin, 

 whence spraying is useless. The best remedy is to gather up all 

 infested fruit and cook or destroy it, also to cultivate under the trees 

 and encourage birds and poultry to pick up the grubs. Many of the 

 Australian States have stringent regulations as to imported fruit and 

 plants, but still more might be done by legislation. 



The West Australian or Mediterranean fruit-fly (Halterophora 

 capitata, also known as Ceratitis capitata) is already established in 

 Queensland, West Australia, New South Wales, Tasmania, and South 

 Africa, and every effort should be made to keep it out of New Zealand, 

 as it attacks practically every kind of fruit, and is most difficult to 

 contend against. 



It is very similar to the Olive-iiy {Dacus Oleae), for which poisoned 



