NOTES AND ABSTEACTS. 



761 



business. Those only slightly interested are a serious detriment to the 

 industry, especially in regions where bee diseases exist. — V. G. J. 



Apple Culture : Selection of Stock. By G. T. Powell {U.S. A, 

 Hort. Soc. Vermont, 7th Ann. Rept. 1909, pp. 26-28).— The writer 

 advises the application of the principles of horse-breeding to the raising 

 of orchard trees, each one of which has an individuality of its own. 

 He recommends purchasing maidens of a given variety and growing 

 them under close observation for two or three years, after which those 

 which are the most vigorous and healthy and the most productive of the 

 finest quality of fruit should be selected and buds taken from the best 

 wood on those trees. It is claimed that the value of an acre of land 

 can be greatly increased by planting it with trees propagated from stock 

 selected in this manner. The ' King of Tompkins' County ' is a soft- 

 wooded tree, and constitutionally defective, but the writer says he has 

 a perfectly healthy twenty-year-old orchard of it which he obtained by 

 purchasing scions of the finest tree of this variety which could be found 

 in a district most favourable to its growth, and top- working it on the 

 hard-wooded * Northern Spy.' — A. P. 



Apple, Pollination of the. By C. I. Lewis and C. 0. Vincent. 

 {U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Oregon, Bull. 104, February 1909).— The whole 

 question of pollination in apples is considered, and lists of " self- 

 sterile " and " self-fertile " varieties are given. The " self-fertile " 

 varieties, however, contain no fertile seed. It is stated that pollens 

 of different varieties are of different degrees of fertilizing power, but 

 the tables given are not very convincing. Among "self-fertile" 

 varieties the following, grown in the British Isles, occur: 'Keswick 

 Codlin,' * Duchess of Oldenburg '; among self -sterile, " ' Eeinette de 

 Canada,' 'Dutch Mignonne,' ' Gravenstein,' * Hanwell Souring,' 

 'King of Tompkins' County,' 'Twenty Ounce,' and 'Wealthy.' 

 Tables showing the time and duration of flowering and remarks on the 

 1 technique of cross-pollination are included. — F. J. C. 



Apple Spot Fung-US, Methods of Combating*. By F. Fischer 



: {Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrank. xix. 1909, Heft 7, p. 432).— The author 

 refers to spraying with Bordeaux mixture against the fungus Fusi- 

 cladium dendriticum and points out that a good deal of it is money 

 thrown away, because the treatment is not employed by everybody, 

 and winter spraying is not sufficiently often carried out. After studying 

 the disease for some years the author has come to the following- con- 



, elusions : (1) That we do not yet possess permanently immune varieties 

 of apples. Some sorts which in many seasons are free from the disease 



tare attacked in others. (2) Fusicladium cannot attack a perfectly 

 undamaged fruit. In the opinion of the author the fungus cannot 

 enter the flesh of the fruit unless the epidermis is wounded. (3) The 

 iattack is dependent on weather conditions. Alternation of cool nights 

 with warm days causes severe damage to the epidermis. The growth 

 of the fruit flesh is at a standstill during the period of formation of 



