762 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



the ovules or perhaps the seeds themselves. At this period there is 

 little danger of damage to the epidermis, and if the alternation above 

 mentioned occurs then the fruit does not become affected. If, how- 

 ever, it occurs during the growth of the fruit, infection is pretty sure 

 to follow. Copious excretion of wax may in some varieties be a pro- 

 tection, and the presence of foliage is also a protection against sudden 

 variations in temperature. Wall trees are better protected than those 

 in the open. On the other hand, freely suspended fruits in an open 

 crown are quickly dried and do not give such a good opportunity for 

 the germination of the spores. (4) Spraying when in leaf is only of 

 partial benefit ; better results follow spraying when the trees are leafless. 

 Comparative trials of sprayed and unsprayed trees of the same sort' 

 must be extended over several seasons, as in some years even the 

 unsprayed trees are free from Vusicladium. ■ The author desires to 

 emphasize the necessity of spraying when the leaves are. absent and 

 so reducing the necessity df so much costly and comparatively useless 

 spraying when in foliage. — G. H. P. 



Apple, The Future of the. By J. Craig {U.S.A., Hort. Soc. 

 Illinois, Trans. 1909, new ser. vol. xlii. pp. 165-173). — The writ-er thinks 

 that one of the problems of the future is the adaptation of varieties to 

 soil and site with a view to obtaining the maximum production of fruit 

 of the finest quality from a given area, a subject in which much 

 research remains to be undertaken. He instances the * Greening * as 

 liking the heaviest type of clay loam, the * Ben Davis ' as succeeding 

 best on a light soil, while the * Spy * must have a soil of medium 

 texture if the finest fruit of that variety is to be produced. — A . P. 



Apples: Chang-es during- Storage. By F. W. Morse (U.S.A. 

 Hort. Soc. Vermont, 7th Ann. Rept. ; 1909 ; pp. 58-60).— It has been 

 found that though apples steadily lose in weight the proportion of water 

 to dry matter does not change in sound, firm fruit, when several per 

 cent, of the original weight has been lost, the explanation being that the 

 solid matter of the fruit is destroyed by a breathing process, by which 

 such cell-contents as sugar are converted into CO^ and water. The 

 measurement of the CO^ given off affords an accurate method for cal- 

 culating the rate of chemical change at different temperatures. It has 

 been found that even at 32° F. chemical action still goes on, the rate 

 of production of CO2 being doubled when the temperature is raised to 

 50° and quadrupled at 70°.— i. P. 



Apples, Crab. By W. Dallimore (Garden, May 28, 191.0. 

 p. 267). — These trees are among the showiest in the garden, several 

 of them bearing brighter coloured flowers than do garden apples. 

 Pyrus florihunda has flowers f inch across, with a white ground flushed 

 pink, and those of the var. air 0 sang nine a are deep pink or reddish. 

 P. Halleana has looser growth and larger flowers. P. haccata, the 

 Siberian Crab, is always effective, the flowers are freely produced, 

 but have not the bright colouring of some kinds; it has ornamental 



