NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



291 



since only the outer cells are killed, the fruit may crack owing to the 

 continued growth of the uninjured tissues. The appearance of the 

 blotches varies somewhat on different varieties of apple. The black fruits 

 (pycnidia) of the fungus appear on the spots after a few days. The spots 

 on the leaves are very small and of minor importance. The fungus 

 passes the winter on the twigs, on which it forms small canker spots 

 (which are fully described in the paper), occasionally killing the twigs. 

 From the twig cankers the disease spreads by means of spores to the 

 other parts of the tree, and these form the chief source of infection. 

 Like most diseases, this is more or less dependent upon weather conditions, 

 damp weather favouring the spread of the disease very greatly. Different 

 varieties show very variable degrees of susceptibility to the attacks of the 

 fungus. A description of the fungus and its cultural characters is given, 

 and an account of spraying experiments with Bordeaux mixture, the 

 application of which at intervals of about three weeks, commencing when 

 the cluster buds are well out and continuing until the end of July or 

 even later, gave satisfactory results. — F. J. C. 



Apple, Croatian. By V. Nemcanis (Le Jard. xxiii. 528, p. 55 ; 

 February 20, 1909 ; 1 fig.). — This apple is known in Croatia as Sistschika 

 (Heart Apple). Stem smooth and rather greasy. The fruit is very large 

 and rounded and somewhat flattened ; olive-green flushed with carmine. 

 Flesh is greenish- white, tender, juicy, slightly acid. Useful November 

 to June, of vigorous growth and hardy, a fine orchard tree. The fruit 

 keeps well, and is equally good for dessert and for cooking. — F. A. W. 



Apples, Dimples in. By E. P. Taylor (Jour. Econ. Entom. i. 



(1908) p. 370 ; figs.). — The author has found that the tarnished plant bug 

 (Lygus pratensis L.) lay their eggs, which are of an oval, elongate, bottle- 

 shaped form, in the small slits in the apple skin while the fruits are very 

 small. The eggs are placed singly in the incisions. A few of the apples 

 attacked dropped early, the others developed pits in their contour as they 

 grew larger. The dimples appear not to impair the keeping qualities of 

 the apple. — F. J. C. 



Apple-leaf Hopper. By F. L. Washburn (Jour. Econ. Entom. ii. 



(1909) 1. p. 54 ; 1 plate). — The eggs of this insect (Empoasca mali Le 

 B.) are laid in small blisters on the apple and perhaps on the elm. They 

 are hyaline and semi-opaque, about as long as, but much narrower than, 

 the blisters in which they lie. They are laid about the end of September 

 and the insect winters in this stage. Other broods are produced in the 

 summer and the eggs are laid on a variety of herbaceous plants. The 

 plants on which the insects have been found are apple, clover, plum, 

 maple, bur-oak, black oak, thorn apple, basswood, hazel, box elder, choke- 

 berry, sumac, birch, Syringa, Carragana, raspberry, blackberry, beans, 

 corn, lucerne, sugar beet, buckwheat, dahlia, hemp, rhubarb, potatos and 

 grasses. The most serious damage is done to nursery stock, the curling 

 of the leaves of the young trees causing a check in their development. 

 Catching the insects on a tarred board as with turnip flea beetles is 

 recommended. Professor J. B. Smith states that these insects are readily 

 attracted by light.— F. J. G. 



