536 JOURNAL OF THE EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



They are very difficult to detect, being only about the thickness of a 

 human hair, and from £ to f inch long, nearly white in colour ; but they 

 may be discovered by their wriggling when exposed to light. The use of 

 a large hand-glass is recommended. As a remedy Vaporite was tried, but, 

 though it killed other pests, the eel worms " seemed rather to like it than 

 otherwise." The writer suggests that those who have been troubled in 

 this way should use garden soil in place of turf. Fibre was also found 

 satisfactory. A. J. Hawkes {Garden, April 10, 1909, p. 175) found 

 Malmaison Carnations suffering from the same trouble, and states that he 

 tried Vaporite with success. On the other hand C. J. (same reference) 

 found that Vaporite would destroy wire worms but not eel worms, and that 

 the only means of killing the latter was to heat the soil with red hot 

 bricks before potting. W. Hall (same reference) states that he has obtained 

 good results with Apterite. — H. B. D. 



Forsythia. By R. Rouhaud (Le Jard., vol. xxiii. No. 531, p. 104 ; 

 April 5, 1909 ; coloured plate). — The genus Forsythia may conveniently 

 be described as consisting of three species, one hybrid, and three varieties. 

 The species are Forsythia europaea Degen and Baldani, F. suspensa Vahl, 

 F. viridissima Lindl.; hybrid, F. intermedia ZbL; varieties F. intermedia 

 var. Fortunei, F. intermedia var. pyramidalis, F. viridissima foliis 

 variegatis. M. Rouhaud gives the characteristics of each of these 

 and general directions for culture. — F. A. W. 



Frosts, Spring", the Best Means to Combat Them. By L. 



Treyve and T. Baboud (Pom. Franc, May 1909, pp. 136-139).— Describes 

 black and white frosts. It is almost impossible to combat the ravages 

 of the first, but against the latter some protection may be given to 

 espaliers and cordon trees by lean-tos of glass, planks or battens on 

 brackets against the wall, or straw hurdles. These shelters favour the 

 development of the lower parts of the tree, and help thus to maintain the 

 tree in equal growth in lower and upper branches.— C. H. H. 



Fruit Cases, Standard. Sized (Jour. Dep. Agr. Vict; February 

 1909, p. 76, prescribed by the Fruit Cases Act 1906).— For local trade :— 



1. Double or two-bushel cases : 26 x 12 x 14 J inches (4,446 cubic) 

 inside measurement and clear of divisions. 



2. (a) Single or one bushel cases : 26 x 6 x 14J inches (2,223 cubic) 

 inside measurement and clear of divisions ; or 



(b) 18 x 8J x 14 inches (2,237 cubic) inside measurements, no 

 divisions allowed. 



3. (a) Half or half-bushel cases : 26 x 6 x inches (1,112 cubic) 

 inside measurement and clear of all divisions ; or 



(b) 18 x 7 x 8| inches (1,119) inside measurement, no divisions 

 allowed. 



For export trade :— See 2 (a) and 3 {b) above.— C. H. H. 



Fruit for the Irish Market (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. Fr., May 1909, 



p. 302). — Considerable quantities of apples and grapes are said to be 

 already imported into Ireland from France, and suggestions are made for 

 largely increasing this trade in the future.— M. L. H. 



