6, Sword Fern, Nianiau or Okupu- 

 kupu (Nephrolepis rxaltata). Several 

 Specif exist in the park. Native to tropi- 

 cal and Subtropical clings, the sword fern 

 id a popular house plant that exhibits 

 many varieties. This is a pioneer plant 

 in new lava fields and on the floor of 

 Kilauea Crater. A very hairy variety, 

 V hnsuiuh. grows abundantly in steam 

 cracks. 



7. The common herbs forming a ground 

 ">ver here are an introduced geranium 

 MA) and the native strawherrv (7B). 

 <>helo papa (Frafiaria rhiloensis ) . The 

 latter bears fruits that are small, white, 

 and often of good flavor. This straw 



l,nn is distributed from southern Chile 



to the Aleutians. 



The vigorous grove contains papain 

 Irpau. kopiko, pilo, olopua. kolea. ma- 

 ty<m s mamaki. manele and ofua lehua 

 We». These are Aiscuaaed individuallv 

 ''•-I 1 - the trail. 



b\ Mnmanc (Sophoia chrysophylla). 

 A common shrub or small tree found 

 don. 2.000- 1 0.0(H) feet on all islands 

 except Molokai. this member of the. 

 bean familv bears attractive yellow 

 flowers and compound leaves. It is re- 

 related to the golden shower trees. It is 

 eagerlv eat. Ill b) livestock and feral 

 ,2oats, that have eradicated it in many 

 ureas. Tin- wood is very hard and dur- 

 able. Note the winged pods and shiny 

 • range or yellow seeds, if the trees an- 

 il) fruit. The mamanr is endemic to the 

 Hawaiian Islands, but other species of 

 the genUS, more than two dozen in num- 

 ber, are found distributed throughout 

 uanm r regions of the world. 



9. Kopiko (Straussia Hillehrandii) is 

 an abundant tree in Bird Park. It be- 

 longs to the important CofTee Family, 

 which is widespread, is mostly tropical, 

 and has 350 genera, of which a dozen are 

 native to the Hawaiian Islands. Of these, 

 Straussia, Gouldia, and Iiobea are en- 

 d» mie. Kopiko in Bird Park are readily 

 identified by their dark green, opposite 

 leaves that have conspicuous mid rib- 

 and veins. A scaly aphid often infest- 

 the lower surface of the leaves. 



Kopiko 



10. Hawaiian oliv$, Olopua (Osman- 



thus snmlu ii rnsis ) . Thr gloQfty, l< alli- 

 en leaves may be six inches long on 

 very young trees. The hard den-e ft'ood 

 w as used for handles of spears and adzes. 

 Osmanlhns belongs to the -am, familv 

 as the cultivated olive. Qf ea rurupra. 



1 



Olopuo 



1 L. Soapberry. Manele fSajandus 

 \apoiiarin ) . It is remarkable that this 

 native tree appears to be identical with 

 the evergreen soapberry of tropical 

 America. Here the leaves become yellow- 

 ish in autumn and are shed in winter. 

 The smooth gray bark on larger trees 

 peels off in big flakes. The leaves are 

 compound with four to six pairs of leaf- 

 lets; on young plants the) often grow on 

 winged raehises, i.e., flattened stemlets. 

 The pulpv seed eovei ings contain sapon- 

 nin, which lathers in water. The hard, 

 round, brownish-black seeds are sought 

 by Hawaiians for bead leis. 



12. Papula kepau ( Pisonia inennisi. 

 The shiny, oblong leaves are dark and 

 glossy. Like those of many other Ha 

 waiian trees, they may be very large on 

 young trees. The fruits, borne in a 

 loose, open panicle 6 to 12 inches long, 

 exude a v i>< id glue, used by the early 

 Hawaiians for catching perching birds 

 to obtain feathers for feather cloaks and 

 ornaments. The word kepau means a 

 visions liquid like tar or molasses. 



13. Pilo (Coprosm* rhynctHwp*). Of 



the half hundred speeies in thi> genus, 

 fifteen have been described from the Ha 

 waiian Islands. Several speeies oeeur 

 as trees and shrubs in the park: of the>e 

 sprawling kukaenenc. 80 i ommon on 

 barren lava fields ami open forest, is 

 he>t known. A member of the Coffee 

 Familv. little use appear- to have been 

 made of theft* small trees. The pilo is 

 readily recognized by its opposite leave- 

 with broad triangular stipules between 

 their stems forming a loose, funnel 

 shaped sheath. 



14. Bracken, Kilau (Pteiidium (opu 

 luuim). The eosmopolitan bracken, pos- 

 sibly the best-known fern, grows abun- 

 dantlv in open grassland. The native 

 form is found from elevations of 500 to 

 9«50fl feat The plant has a creeping, 

 underground stem upon which the large, 

 coarse, triangular fronds grow. Varied 

 use is made of the plant throughout the 

 world such as for food, medicine, litter, 

 and basket material. The fruiting bodies 

 of bracken occur in a continuous band 

 along the edges of a frond, which are 

 partially rolled back over it. 



Popolo kepau 



