Clap]ia77i : Its Geology and Natural History. 433 



Crummack Beck Head was the next stopping place. Owing 

 to folding and subsequent denudation, the vSilurian basement 

 conglomerate is exposed here, and within two or three yards of 

 it is a good section of the Carboniferous basement conglomerate, 

 truly a most interesting spot, but time prevented an adequate 

 jstudy of it. 



Passing through the fields into Norber Lane, it was possible 

 to follow the line of the famous Norber boulders, as carried by 

 the Crummack Dale glacier, from their source on the outcrop 

 of the Austwick Grits, where they were spread in great pro- 

 fusion, till they gradually assumed a definite trail, towards the 

 summit of Norber Brow, where the perched blocks, so familiar 

 to all geologists, are left stranded on the limestone. We were 

 not able to visit them, but the conglomerate at the base of the 

 Carboniferous Limestone, under Norber Brow, was examined. 

 It is here a thick deposit, resting upon the edges of the Bala 

 beds. At its base are some very large pebbles, derived from 

 the under-lying rocks. Higher up these gradually get smaller, 

 and the calcareous matrix contains a number of fossil corals of 

 various species, some of which were collected. From the Bala 

 L)eds exposed in the lane below specimens of some trilobites 

 '{Trinucleus) were obtained. 



This finished the day's work, perhaps as interesting and 

 instructive a one as has ever fallen to the lot of this section of 

 the Union. 



But it is impossible to do very much detailed work in a 

 day's excursion. As pointed out by the leader, the object 

 of an excursion of this kind is to see the general features of 

 the geology, and to note the critical beds and sections, so that 

 individuals may go afterwards, straight to the spot, and devote 

 time to detailed work. There is plenty of scope for such work 

 in this area — the identification of the contents of the Silurian 

 and Carboniferous conglomerates, and the working out of the 

 comparatively unknown fauna of the Ordovician and Silurian 

 beds, not to mention other problems. We are indebted to the 

 Yorkshire Geological Society for the loan of the blocks for the 

 accompanying illustrations. 



Botany. — Mr. Chas. Waterfall reports that at Norber 

 Syke were found Campanula latifolia and Heracleum sphondy- 

 lium var. angustifolium. Following the beck above the Dam 

 Bridge were noted Viburnum opulus, Asplenium Ruta-muraria, 

 Polypodium vulgare, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, 



1908 December i. 



